ACTA MVSEI
NAPOCENSIS
49/1
2012
ACTA MVSEI
NAPOCENSIS
49/1

MLNISTRY OF CULTURE AND NATIONAL HERITAGE
NATIONAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF TRANSYLVANIA
ACTA MVSEI
NAPOCENSIS
49/1
PREHISTORYANCIENT HISTORY-ARCHAEOLOGY
CLUJ-NAPOCA
2012
EDITORIAL
Editor-in-chief: Carmen Ciongradi
Editorial Advisory Board: Viorica Rusu-Bolindet, Eugenia Beu-Dachin,
Viorica Crișan, Alexandru Diaconescu, Sorin Cociș
Assistant editor: Viorica Rusu-Bolindet
Image processing: Dana Serban, Torok Kâroly
Cover: Torok Kâroly
Technical editing and printing: MEGA Prinț SRL, Cluj-Napoca
HONORARY SCIENTIFIC BOARD:
Mihai Bărbulescu (Rome, Italy); Werner Eck (Koln, Germany); Jan Haynes (London,
United Kingdom); William Hanson (Glasgow, United Kingdom); Marietta Horster
(Mainz, Germany); Rudolf Haensch (Munich, Germany).
'Ibis volume was printed with the financial support of the Ministry of Culture and
National Heritage.
Founder: Constantin Daicoviciu
ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS Publicația Muzeului National de Istorie a Transilvaniei Orice corespondentă se va adresa: Muzeului National de Istorie a Transilvaniei 400020 Cluj-Napoca Str. Constantin Daicoviciu nr. 2 Tel: 0040 264 595677 Fax: 0040 264 591718 email: secretariat@mnit.ro	ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS Publication of the National History Museum of Transylvania AII correspondence will be sent to the address: National History Museum of Transylvania 400020 Cluj-Napoca Constantin Daicoviciu St. no. 2 Tel: 0040 264 595677 Fax: 0040 264 591718 email: secretariat@mnit.ro
Cover: The column shaft with low-relief, depicting god Mercury, discovered on the
western part of the Roman town at Napoca (10 Episcop loan Bob St.).
ISSN 1454-1513
Copyright: © by Muzeul National de Istorie a Transilvaniei
CONTENTS
Carmen Ciongradi
Foreword.................................................................7
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca (Preliminary report
on the archaeological excavations performed on 9-19 Câmpului Street)....13
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
Roman remains in the south-eastern area of Napoca,......................59
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard from Cluj-Napoca,...............83
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5 from Cluj-Napoca,...,109
.Alexandru Diaconescu (with the contributions of Doru Bogdan,
Cristian Găzdac, Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Lorânt Vass, Sorana Ardeleanu,
Marius Ardeleanu)
Excavations at „Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca,...........................125
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping
center-development.....................................................177
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastern area of Napoca - the rescue
excavations at 29 Regele Ferdinand St..................................229
Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius......................283
Abbrevi ations.........................................................299

Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 7-8
FOREWORD
According to the ICOM statute, the museum is the owner of the collections which
it acquires, administers based on recognized methods, studies, preserves and exhibits
based on a well established schedule (ICOM, statute of 14.06.1974, see C. Lapaire,
Kleines Handbuch ftir Museumskunde, Bern 1983). The National History Museum
of Transylvania counts on 22 archaeologists, the majority expert archaeologists, while
a significant part of the museum’s research activity is represented by archaeological
excavations, both systematic and preventive. The Museum is the institution conduct-
ing archaeological research, coordinating the excavations carried out on the systematic
archaeological sites at Colonia Dacica Sarmizegetusa, Sarmizegetusa Regia, Costesti-
Blidaru (Huneodara county), Ap uium-Alba lulia (Alba county), Samum-Căseiu, Țaga,
Bologa, Luna (Cluj county), Cetatea Zânelor, Covasna (Covasna county) and having
specialists involved in the teams working on other large archaeological sites like those
at Histria (Constanta county) and Potazssa-Turda (Cluj county). The institution is
provided with the necessary logistics and specialists to conduct and coordinate system-
atic archaeological sites, but also rescue excavations, which are also a significant part
of the archaeological research. For instance, only in 2013, the Museum has carried
no less than 28 such preventive archaeological investigations on the territory of Cluj-
Napoca city and in Cluj county.
This volume is the result of such research carried out by the specialists of
our Museum in Cluj-Napoca city over the last two decades. The editorial team
decided to prinț a separate number of the journal Acta Musei Napocensis, seria
Archaeologica, comprising the results of such excavations only, owing to the major
scientific interest enjoyed by any research designed to bring forward new data on
Colonia Aurelia Napoca, the Roman town overlapped almost entirely by medieval
and modern buildings, as well as the prehistory of this area. If excavations inside or
the immediate vicinity of the Roman town are predictable from the results’ point
of view, those performed outside may be spectacular and have unexpected results,
like those on Street Câmpului no. 9-19 (on the current location of “Kaufland”
supermarket), revealing a new Hallstatt settlement, of which nothing was known
prior the commencement of the archaeological works. On the other hand, most of the
articles in this volume scientifically use the results of the preventive archaeological
investigations performed inside the Roman town at Napoca. Thus, they are focused
on the north-eastern side of the ancient settlement (Regele Ferdinand St. no. 29;
“Central” Store - extension on the Southern side; B-dul 21 Decembrie 1989 no. 5 -
extension of “Sora” store), in the central part (the research in the Museum of Art
courtyard), on the south-eastern side (B-dul Eroilor no. 1, no. 9-11) and nearby its
western side (Episcop loan Bob St. no. 10). Each of these archaeological excavations
presented herein will undoubtedly contribute in the improvement of the image on
the urban evolution of the Roman town at Napoca, which may be reconstructed with
the aid of archaeology only.
8
Carmen Ciongradi
Concurrently, the heritage of the National History Museum of Transylvania has
been constantly enriched with artifacts yielded by such archaeological research, of
either smallJinds type or with stone monuments, like the god Mercury’s depiction on
a votive column found following the excavations performed on Street Episcop loan
Bob no. 10.
This Journal number is novei and initiates the series of numbers dedicated to the
publication of the results of the archaeological research carried out by the specialists
of our Museum.
Carmen Ciongradi
National History Museum of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca
cciongradi@yahoo.com
Legend: 1—1- Roman town precinct
Rescue excavations i_l /
250 —	500	, 750
PI. I*. The plan of the city Cluj-Napoca, with the location of the rescue excavations: 1. Câmpului St. nos. 9-19; 2. Eroilor Blvd., nos.
9-11, 11; 3. Art Museum courtyard; 4. 21 Decembrie 1989 Blvd., no. 5 ( “Sora” supermarket extension); 5. “Central” store
extension; 6. Regele Ferdinand St., no. 29; 7. Episcop loan Bob St., no. 10.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS

Acta Masei Napocensis, +9/1, 2012, p. 13-58
A NEW FORTIFIED HALLSTATT SETTLEMENT
DISCOVERED AT CLUJ-NAPOCA (PRELIMINARY
REPORT ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS
PERFORMED ON 9-19 CÂMPULUI STREET)
EMILIAN BOTA, VALENTIN VOIȘIAN, MONICA TECAR, TIBERIU TECAR
Abstract: Archaeological research in Mănăștur quarter (Cluj-Napoca), Câmpului St.
nos. 9-19 led to discovery of a Hallstatt fortified settlement provided with a defensive ditch with
an approximately 11 m spân in the upper part. The settlement was dated in the Hallsttat period
based on the analysis of the main finds (among which counts a bone sceptre), but especially on
pottery typology and decoration. We identified also La Tene pottery (CI), a feature-house with
pottery of the period, nearby which was found a Celtic knife dated to La Tene CI.
To the post-Roman period were dated two pits containing pottery, a reused Roman brick
stamped R(es) P(ublica) [N(apocensis)] as well as a rhombic bone object with concentric circles.
Keywords: ditch; fortified settlement; Hallstatt; the Celts; post-Roman period.
Rezumat: Cercetările arheologice din cartierul Mănăștur (Cluj-Napoca), str. Câmpului
nr. 9-19 au dus la descoperirea unei așezări fortificate hallstattiene cu un șanț de apărare care
avea la partea superioară o deschidere de aproximativ 11 m. Pe baza analizei principalelor
descoperiri (dintre care se remarcă un sceptru de os), dar mai ales a tipologiei și a decorului
ceramicii, această așezare a fost datată în perioada Hallsttat. Au fost identificate și ceramică
La Tene (CI), un complex-locuință cu ceramică din această perioadă, lângă care a fost găsit un
cutit celtic care se datează în perioada La Tene CI.
Din epoca post-romană au fost descoperite două gropi care conțineau ceramică, o
cărămidă romană refolosită cu ștampila R(es) P(ublica) [N(apocensis)], precum și un obiect
rombic de os cu cercuri concentrice.
Cuvinte cheie: șanț; așezare fortificată; Hallstatt; celți; epoca post-romană.
Rescue archaeological research1 in Mănăștur quarter, Câmpului St. nos. 9-19 was
carried out in April-September 2005 (PI. I*). The developed surface was ca. 13.600 m2,
where a Kaufland type trading centre was going to be built. Over time, nearby the sur-
face of our investigation, located close to the junction between Câmpului, Almașului
and Calea Mănăștur streets (PI. I), were recorded isolated finds spreading from prehis-
tory to the medieval period2. The renown fortified church at Cluj-Mănăștur (Calvaria),
dated to the 9tl,-14t1' centuries3, is also nearby. During the excavations performed
there, it was noted that the rampart was built on the ancient humus and that its core
1 The archaeological site supervisor was Valentin Voișian. Adriana Isac, Cosmin Rusu and Cristian
Aurel Roman attended the research during its various stages. We thank this way Mr. Valentin Vasiliev,
who visited us several times during the excavations and provided us with Information and suggestions for
dating the pottery and the prehistoric archaeological features.
2 RepCluj, 118-120.
3 lambor, Matei 1975; lambor, Matei 1979, 599-620; lambor, Matei, Halasu 1981; lambor, Matei
1983, 131-146.
14
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
comprised Hallstatt and Celtic pottery, as well as many Roman and Post-Roman4 arti-
facts resulted from the defensive ditch diggings. Subsequent to the excavations carried
out between 1911-1912 by Kovâcs Istvân were recorded in the vicinity a Bronze Age
settlement, another dating from the early La Tene as well as a Roman building and
inhabitancy prints from the 4U1 century AD5. Hallstatt and post-Roman pottery was
discovered in close proximity, when the blocks of flats were built in the 80’ies of the
last century on Almașului, Câmpului and Ion Meșter streets6.
Overall, a number of 32 excavation units were excavated (PI. I). In the central-
eastern area of the surface were identified several modern pits, as well as a natural
eastward sloping of the land, very marked, filled with building debris (even entire pre-
cast walls) resulted from the construction of the blocks of flats on Câmpului and Calea
Mănăștur streets. On large part of the examined surface, such real estate develop-
ment works destroyed the stratigraphy, reaching the sterile. There, blocks of flats were
intended to be built, the land having been prepared for such purpose; however, the
events of December 1989 ended the works. This was completed by the destruction
resulted from the commencement of the supermarket construction works (PI. XVI/1),
archaeologists being notified a few months after their start. In the western part (the
Câmpului Street front), the site was destroyed by the foundations of the houses existent
there until the 90’ies. In the Southern part we identified the water mains of the city.
Despite these modern and contemporary intrusions on the area proposed for
archaeological discharge, remains from the first and second Iron Age (Hallstatt and
La Tene)7 as well as post-Roman remains were discovered.
The following excavation units were excavated:
SI (PI. II/l; XVI/2) - oriented north-south, sized 31.00 x 2.00 m, at a maximum
depth of -2.70 m. We have a contemporary filling of 0.90 m maximum thickness, in
fact building debris resulted from the construction of the nearby blocks of flats. Below
this filling comes a deposition and alluvial layer, with a maximum thickness of 1 m. In
this layer above the humus were identified a few out of context pottery fragments dat-
ing from the first Iron Age. The ancient humus emerges at -2.10 m deep. At this depth,
the trench was flooded by underground waters.
S2 (PI. XVII/1) - oriented east-west, sized 32.00 x 2.20 m, maximum depth of
3.30 m. The stratigraphy is identical to that in SI, except for the fact that between m 17
and m 20, at -2.00 m deep, emerges a 0.25 m thick burning layer with no archaeologi-
cal material. This burn layer dates to the time of the construction of the blocks of flats,
an apartment wall being identified nearby. This section was flooded too.
S3 - oriented east-west, sized 16.50 x 2.00 m, maximum depth of 3.50 m. On the
entire trench surface we identified a pit filled with debris coming from the buildings
nearby. At this depth, the trench was flooded by underground waters.
S4 (PI. III/1-2; XVIII/1) - oriented east-west, sized 17.00 x 2.50 m, maximum
depth of 3.00 m. The contemporary filling is 2.20 m maximum thick. Follows the depo-
sition and alluvial layer with a 0.75-0.80 m thickness. Below this filling, in the ancient
4 lambor, Matei 1975, 293.
5 Posta 1912, 43; Protase 1966, 114-116; Hica 1974, 165.
6 Information P. lambor.
7 Hallstatt and La Tene pottery was supposed to be processed by Monica and Tiberiu Tecar.
A new fortifică Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
15
humus, were identified two pits termed conventionally G1 and G2, dating, we believe,
to the post-Roman period.
The first pit, Gl, (PI. XVIII/2) emergesbetween m 1.40 and 3.50. It is ovalinshape
and is sized 2.10 x 1.70 m, the maximum depth being 0.65 m. A fragmentary Roman
tile (PI. XXXIV/2), sized 18.5 x 12.5 cm, was found in this pit; thickness = 4.5 cm.
The tile preserves impressed letter R as well as a vertical hasta. The two letters may
come from stamp R(es) P(ublica) ^(apocensis)^. A bone object (PI. XXXIV/3), sized
2.5 cm, respectively 3 cm, similar to a rhomb, was also discovered; it is decorated with
concentric circles on one side, the other being smooth, with no attachment prints.
Still from this pit come several fragments of a large tureen (PI. XV/1) and a bowl
or tureen base (PI. XV/2). Due to the archaeological context and the identified mate-
rial, we believe this pit may be dating to the post-Roman period9.
G2 is located between m 6.90 and 8.70, is relatively round in shape and its sizes
are of 1.80 x 1.70 m, the maximum depth being of 0.40 m. It cuts the northern profile,
reason for which we excavated another trench, sized 1.50 x 0.50 m. In the upper part,
the pit preserves a few unfinished limestone stones; the resulted archaeological mate-
rial includes a few atypical potshards.
S5 - oriented east-west on trench S3 axis is sized 23.00 x 2.00 m, with a maxi-
mum depth of -3.00 m. We underlined the prints of the pit emerged in S3, having
identical stratigraphy.
S6 (PI. IV/1) - oriented east-west, on the same axis with S5, sized 15.00 x 2.50 m,
the maximum depth being -2.00 m. The stratigraphy is identical to that in trenches S3
and S5. Due to water infiltrations, we were unable to deepen excavation.
S7 (PI. IV/2) - oriented east-west, is sized 24.00 x 2.50 m, has a maximum depth
of 2.00 m. It comprises a 0.20-0.25 m layer of contemporary filling, followed by an
approximately 1.00 m layer of fills and depositions where a few out of context modern
pottery fragments were identified. Beneath this layer emerges the sterile, the ancient
humus not being preserved.
S8 (PI. II/2; XVII/2) - oriented north-south, is sized 16.50 x 2.00 m and has a
maximum depth of -1.80 m. The stratigraphy was completely destroyed by the intrusions
during the urban development works, so that were identified only three filling-levelling
layers with a maximum thickness of 0.75-0.80 m, the lowermost being 0.35 m. Out of con-
text modern pottery fragments were discovered in it, which makes us believe this filling
layer was brought once with the construction of the houses in the area. In the northern
end of the trench, between meters 2.50 and 5.00 were found the two water mains supply-
ing the city with drinking water. The trench was flooded by underground water.
S9 (PI. V/l; XIX) - oriented north-south, is sized 14.00 x 2.30 m and has a maxi-
mum depth of -3.30 m. Stratigraphy: there is a black earth contemporary filling layer
8 Such a brick stamped R P N (letters not framed by cartridge) was found as spoil in a medieval
sarcophagus dated to the 18,h century found during the excavations in the fortified settlement Calvaria in
Cluj-Mănăștur, located nearby our excavations: lambor, Matei, Halasu 1981, 143-144, note 11; Petolescu
1983, no. 174; RepCluj, 120; ILD, 573. Other examples: CIL III 8075, 25. Information Carmen Ciongradi,
whom we thank herein.
9 For the identified post-Roman pottery on the territory of the former Roman town at Napoca and its
surroundings see Diaconescu, Bota, Voișian 2006, 885-909.
16
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
spreading all over the trench surface, 0.90 m thick. The sterile comes beneath this
layer. Between meters 1.20 and 12.20 we identified a “V”-letter shaped ditch, with a
maximum spân of approximately 11.00 m. The tip of the ditch could not be identified
due to underground waters. In the upper part, the ditch is filled by a light brown earth
layer, of 1.30 maximum thickness, followed by a dark brown earth layer, the ditch
being clogged over time. In the ditch filling were found pottery fragments belonging
to the first Iron Age, dated around 1000 BC.
S10 (PI. V/2; XX) - oriented north-south, sized 22.00 x 3.00 m, with a maximum
depth of 3.85 m. This trench was dug in order to follow the route of the ditch found
in S9. The stratigraphy is similar to that in the previous trench. The ditch emerges
at 4.60 m from the Southern end of the trench and has a maximum thickness, in the
upper part, of 9.00 m. We could not reach the ditch tip in this trench either, due to the
underground waters, the maximum depth reached being -2.00 m. The filling of this
ditch is similar to that in section S9 and contained Hallstatt pottery fragments. The
ditch is overlapped by two layers of fillings.
Sil - oriented north-south, is sized 14.00 x 2.00 m, has a maximum depth of
-2.50 m. We identified again the modern pit filled with debris emerged in trenches S3, S5.
S12 - oriented north-south, sized 20.00 x 3.20 m, maximum depth of -3.50 m. In
this trench also we identified the modern pit on the entire surface as well as the two
water mains. The trench was flooded by water.
S13 (PI. III/3) - oriented north-south, is sized de 15.00 x 2.50 m and has a maximum
depth of -2.10 m. The stratigraphy is the same to that in S12, as well as the two water mains.
S14 - oriented east-west, sized 11.00 x 2.00 m, maximum depth -2.80 m; the
same stratigraphy as in S12.
S15 (PI. VI; XXII) - oriented north-south, is sized de 16.00 x 3.00 m has a maximum
depth of 1.40 m. The stratigraphy is as follows: 0.10 m debris and modern filling, followed
by a dark earth layer 0.40 m thick in the Southern end, 0.80 m thick in the northern end,
followed by the yellow sterile clay. Between m 1.40 and 3.50 (on the eastern profile), at
-0.90 m deep, we identified a surface house with a maximum depth of 0.10 m. The pit
is irregular, sized 1.50 m on the east-west side and 2.40 m on the north-south direction.
After its removal (Gl) we identified another rectangular pit sized 0.65 x 0.30 m (G2) and
0.45 m in depth. Westward these pits, at 0.10 m from the western profile, respectively at
1.25 m from the northern profile, we identified a third rectangular pit sized 0.50 x 0.40 m
and 0.20 m deep. In Gl and G2 were discovered a few pre-medieval pottery fragments.
S16 (PI. VII-VIII, XXIII/1) - is sized 4.20 x 4.60 m, maximum depth -3.50 m.
Stratigraphy: a debris layer with a maximum thickness of 0.30 m, followed by a filling
layer of 1.00 m thickness. Beneath the latter emerged a surface level of battered earth
and clay, with burning pigments, with a thickness of 0.15-0.20 m. At 1.20 m deep and
0.50 m from the western profile and 1.60 m from the same profile, in the sterile clay we
excavated a pit house sized 4.20 m on the north-south axis and 3.25 m on the east-west
axis. In this trench we identified only part of the house, extending in trenches S18, S19
and S20. Inside the house, we identified, below the clay and burning layer spreading over
the entire section surface, a filling layer, 0.30-0.40 m thick. Under the house, at -1.60-
1.80 m deep, we found another settlement level with a 0.10 m thickness, characterized
A new fortifică Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
17
by strong burning traces, La Tene pottery and bone fragments. There followed a filling
layer of ca. 0.60 m thick. Below, at -2.20 m deep there is another settlement level (0.10 m
thick) with burning pigments and a few Hallstatt pottery fragments. This settlement level
covers the house bottom, being 1.50 m wide and maximum 0.70 m deep; in the lower
part, there was identified a 0.15-0.20 m thick burning layer. Unfortunately, excavations
could not be pursued northwards, in order to discover the house limits, as stratigraphy
was destroyed by the construction works of the commercial complex.
S17 (PI. IX-X; XXIV/1) - oriented east-west, sized de 18.50 x 3.00 m, maxi-
mum depth -1.40 m. In this trench we identified remains from the first Iron Age,
the pre-medieval and modern periods. Stratigraphy: a 0.30 m layer of modern filling,
followed by a layer of dark earth with a maximum thickness of 0.45 m, and below,
the virgin soil. At -0.35 m deep, at a distance of 0.60 m from the western profile
and at 1.90 m from the northern profile emerged a fire place, likely modern, sized
0.80 x 0.50 m. On the Southern edge of the fire place, we identified a rectangular
stone sized 0.50 x 0.10 x 0.20 m. By the edge of the fire place we found a few modern
nails. In order to investigate the entire archaeological feature, we excavated a 2 x 2 m
trench. There we discovered Hallstatt potshards, a few wheel-thrown fragments and
a pit conventionally termed G6. It was identified in the trench corner, at 0.45 m
deep. Its maximum depth was 0.50 m. The pit contained no archaeological materials.
Between m 7.45 and 10.50, on the Southern profile, at -0.40 m deep, we identified a
pit house, Bl (PI. XXVII), extending northwards to 1.5 m from the northern profile.
In order to delimit the entire house we excavated a trench southwards, from m 6.60,
sized 4.40 x 2.40 m. The house is rectangular in shape, its sides being 3.20 x 3.00 m
and is 0.80 m deep. Inside the house, in the north-western corner, we found a stone
cluster, of maximum sizes 1.70 m east-west and 1.20 m north-south. Its thickness
was maximum 0.60 m. When removed, we noted that some of the stones preserved
Processing prints on some of the sides. The earth between the stones contained much
charcoal and brick fragments, sherds of a wheel-thrown pot (PI. XV/3), two loom
weights and a few bone fragments. Under these stones we found a Roman tile. It is
placed at 0.40 m from the western limit and at 0.50 m from the northern limit. Its
sizes are 0.40 x 0.21 x 0.60 cm. Under the brick we identified an almost round fire-
place, sized 0.20 x 0.25 m and 0.02 m thick.
At -0.75 m we identified a pit, Gl, (PI. XXIV/2-3) with 1.20 m in diameter
and 1.40 m deep. It is located at 6.90 m from the western profile and at 0.45 m from
the northern profile. Inside we found a restorable Hallstatt vessel, of large sizes
(h = 70 cm) and a few fragments of other pots. On the pit bottom, the lower part of a
vessel containing brown earth with red pigments was deposited. The pit filling earth
also contained charcoal pigments. Above the pit, over the entire inventory, a grinder
fragments was placed. Based on the potshards, the entire archaeological feature may
be dated to the Hallstatt period (Ha B).
Another pit, G2, (PI. XXV) was identified at 5.45 m from the eastern profile,
attached to the northern profile. In order to investigate it, we excavated a trench
northwards, sized 1.30 x 1.70 m. It emerged at -0.60 m deep, has a 1.30 m diameter
and is 0.80 m deep. In this pit surfaced a few Hallstatt pottery fragments.
18
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
At 3.70 m from the western profile and 0.60 m from the Southern profile we
unearthed pit G3 (PI. XXVI/1), at -0.50 m deep. Its shape is relatively rectangular,
with sides 1.00 x 0.90 m and maximum depth of 0.10 m. On the same alignment,
northwards, at 0.40 m distance, we found a similar pit (G4). These two pits contained
prehistoric potshards mixed with modern pottery fragments.
At 3.55 m from the eastern end of the trench and at 1.00 m from the northern
profile, at -0.80 m deep, another pit, G5, (PI. XXVI/2-3) appeared. It is circular in
shape and has a diameter of 0.60 m and a depth of 0.20 m. Inside, we found atypical
pottery fragments and burning pigments.
S18 (PI. VII; XXIII/2) - oriented north-south, is sized 2.00 x 4.00 m, maximum
depth of -1.70 m. Stratigraphy: a debris layer with maximum thickness of 0.30 m, fol-
lowed by a filling layer 0.80 m thick. Below came a surface level with burning pigments,
0.15 m thick. It is above a filling layer with a maximum thickness of 0.40-0.50 m. The
ancient humus is maximum 0.05 m thick, being though difficult to identify, followed
by the sterile clay. In this trench we found, eastwards, the end of the house identified
in S16.
S19 (PI. VII) - oriented north-south, placed southwards S16, is sized 6.00 x 4.00 m,
has a maximum depth of -2.00 m. Stratigraphy: debris layer with a maximum thick-
ness of 0.30 m, followed by a 0.90 m thick filling layer. Beneath it emerged a surface
level of battered earth with burning pigments, 0.15 m thick. It overlaps a filling layer
of maximum 0.40-0.50 m thickness. The ancient humus is 0.30-0.50 m thick and is
followed by the sterile clay. On the eastern profile, between meters 2.50-3.90 emerges
a 0.10 m thick burning, which cuts approximately 0.05 m in the sterile clay. The house
identified in trenches S16 and S18 continues southwards in this trench as well.
S20 (PI. VII) - oriented north-south, is sized 2.50 x 8.50 m, maximum depth of
-2.60 m. The stratigraphy is identical to that in S19. Stratigraphy: debris layer with
a maximum thickness of 0.30 m, followed by a 0.60 m thick filling layer. Beneath it
emerged a surface level of battered earth with burning pigments, 0.10 m thick. Below
this layer, in the north-eastern corner of the section, at 1.10 m deep, we found beside
the La Tene pottery, a Celtic fight knife (PI. XXXIV/1). The preserved length of the
knife is 31 cm, while the maximum width is 3.5 cm. The blade was strongly corroded
and was not preserved on the entire length; the blade tip is missing. The handle is 7 cm
long and is curved, alike the knife blade, and ends in a slightly rounded knob10. In this
trench we identified, at 1.20 m deep, the end of the house in S16, S18 and S19.
We dug another four excavation units conventionally termed S21-S24, and in
the eastern part of trenches S21-S22 we performed a sondage in order to follow the
route of the defensive diteh.
S21 (PI. V/3; XXI) - is sized 5.00 x 5.00 m, maximum depth of -3.10 m. At
-0.05 m we identified a contemporary fire place, with 0.30 m in diameter. It is placed
at 1.50 m from the western profile and cuts by 0.25 m the Southern profile. No archae-
ological materials were discovered. At 2.60 m distance from the northern profile
emerges, at -0.50 m deep, the defensive diteh of the Hallstatt settlement, which also
extends in trench S22.
10 Dima 2008, 81-88.
A new fortifică Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
19
S22 (PI. V/3; XXI) - is sized 5.00 x 5.00 m. It is placed southward S21. This
trench was excavated in order to identify the Southern edge of the defensive ditch. On
the eastern profile of trenches S21-S22 (extending to 16.50 m), the ditch was identi-
fied up to -2.80 m deep (we could not investigate the ditch depth in this case either,
due to underground waters). It has a 10.20 m spân in the upper part.
S23 - S24 (PI. XXI/1). Its stratigraphy is identical to that in sections S21-S22.
In these two sections we also identified the Hallstatt defence ditch.
S25 (PI. XI, XXVIII/1) - oriented east-west, is sized 3.00 x 20.00 m and has a
maximum depth of -1.55 m. Stratigraphy: filling with modern levelling with a maxi-
mum thickness of 0.30-0.35 m. Between m 0.00 and m 4.00 there is a contemporary
intrusion, which is maximum 0.25-0.30 m thick. There follows a settlement layer with
a maximum thickness of 0.20 m, comprising out of context Hallstatt pottery frag-
ments. Five pits were identified:
G1 - emerges at -0.55 m deep, at 3.60 m from the eastern profile, on the South-
ern profile. It continues northwards on a 0.60 m distance. Its diameter is 1.65 and is
1.00 m deep. The pit contained prehistoric handmade and wheel made pottery frag-
ments as well as adobe.
G2 - is located at 3.00 m from the eastern profile and at 0.25 m from the north-
ern profile. Its diameter is of 1.00 m, emerges at -0.45 m deep and has a maximum
depth of 1.00 m. It contains the same type of archaeological material as Gl.
G3 (PI. XXV; XXVI/1) - is located at 1.60 m from the western profile and at
0.35 m from the northern profile. It has an irregular shape. Sizes: 3.30 x 1.20 m.
Emerges at -0.25 cm deep and is only 0.10 m deep. Inside, we found a mix of prehis-
toric and modern materials.
G4 (PI. XXVII-XXX) is located south G3, at 2.50 m from the western profile,
respectively 2.00 m from the northern profile. It emerges at -0.25 m deep and is 0.05 m
deep. Its shape is irregular and has maximum sizes of 2.80 x 0.90 m. It contains the
same archaeological material as G3.
G5 (PI. XXVI/2-3) - is located at 0.15 m from the western profile and at 2.45 m
from the Southern profile. It emerges at -0.30 m deep and is 0.05 m deep. Its shape is
relatively square, has 0.75 m sides. No archaeological material was found.
In the eastern end of the trench, between m 0.00 and 2.80, we identified a pit
house (PI. XXVIII/2) at -0.40 m deep. Its maximum depth is 1.10 m. A stone and
Roman bricks cluster was identified, and beneath, at -1.50 m deep, sized 1.90 m east-
west and 1.15 m north-south, lay a fire place. Some of the stones showed finishing
prints. In-between the stones emerged brick fragments and pre-medieval pottery
(PI. XV/3). The archaeological feature is similar to that identified in section SI7.
S26 (PI. VII) - oriented north-south is sized 6.50 x 2.00 m, maximum depth of
-1.80 m. At -1.30 m deep, at 1.00 m from the Southern profile, on the western profile and on
a 3.70 m length northwards, we identified a corner from the house emerging in trenches
S16, S18-S20. This house, identified in 5 sections (S16, S18-S20, S26) had a north-south
upper part preserved length of approximately 13 m and was maximum 5 m wide.
S27 (PI. XXIX/1) - oriented east-west, in parallel to S25, is sized 19.50 x 2.00 m,
maximum depth of -1.25 m. Stratigraphy: contemporary filling layer between meters
20
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
0.00 and 6.00, followed by the deposition layer with a maximum thickness of 0.50 m,
where were discovered out of context Hallstatt pottery fragments. Next layer is the
ancient humus, with a maximum thickness of 0.05 m. A pit, G1 (PI. XXIX/2-3), was
identified at -0.40 m deep, located at 6.20 m from the eastern profile and 0.75 m from
the northern profile. Its diameter is 0.70 m, and the maximum pit depth is 0.80 m. In
this pit we found a few Hallstatt pottery fragments.
S28 (PI. XXX/1) oriented east - west. It is sized 4.40 x 1.30 m. The section
stratigraphy is as follows: to 0.35-0.40 m deep, we identified an earth layer, loose,
brownish-black, followed by a brown, clayish earth layer, 0.15-0.20 m thick, which
comprised archaeological features. Underneath, followed the sterile clay. We discov-
ered a pit, termed by us G1 (PI. XXX/2), which we investigated only partially, as
approximately half of the archaeological feature was destroyed by modern works. It
emerged at 0.50 m deep and at 1.40 m distance from the section’s western profile. Its
shape was approximately circular, deepening by 0.25 m. It contained few archaeologi-
cal materials, among which count potshards, a few small animal bone fragments and
small stones. Pit G2 (PI. XXX/3) was identified by the edge of Gl, at 0.50 m deep. It
is a small pit, circular in shape, with 0.50 m in diameter. It deepened in the sterile by
0.10 m. Its inventory consisted in two river stones, with maximum sizes of 7, 10 cm
respectively, and an animal bone fragment sized 17 cm.
S29 (PI. XII; XXIX/4) was excavated in parallel to S28, a 0.40 m wall being left
in-between them. Its sizes are 9 x 3 m and the orientation is east-west. The section
stratigraphy is as follows: to 0.35 m deep we noted a lose earth layer, brownish-black,
followed by a brown, clayish, 10 cm thick earth layer, containing archaeological fea-
tures; the sterile followed. Between m 1 and 4 of the section, we discovered a surface
house, emerging at 0.30 m deep. Since it could not be traced all over the section, we
excavated another trench, sized 2.60 x 1.20 m. We did not notice post holes. Its edges
could not be delimited clearly, the entire archaeological feature being marked by sev-
eral potshards, few animal bones, stones and adobe. The latter was rather small in
sizes, larger amounts being noted in the eastern corner of the house. It seems to be
oriented north east - south west, being sized 2.50 x 3 m. Compared to the settlement’s
defence ditch, the house lay approximately at 35-37 m distance, on a northward direc-
tion. Inside, on the northern side, we also identified its fireplace, at 0.38 m deep. It was
made directly on the ground and its shape was approximately circular, potshards and
lot of small and average river stones being found all around it (larger amounts of river
stones lay on the Southern side of the fireplace).
S30 - oriented east-west is sized 10.60 x 2.20 m, maximum depth -2.00 m. To
this depth, we excavated through a modern pit; at same depth excavations could no
longer be performed due to water mains infiltrations.
S31 - oriented east-west is sized 10.70 x 2.30 m, maximum depth -2.80 m. Up to
the depth of -2.10 m emerged a modern pit, followed by a prehistoric deposition layer,
0.40 m thick, and the sterile clay.
S32 - oriented east-west is sized 14.5 x 4.30 m, maximum depth -4.00 m. The
stratigraphy is as follows: up to the depth of -2.40 m there is a modern pit, followed
by a 0.80 m layer of prehistoric depositions and a Neolithic level with a maximum
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
21
thickness of 0.70 m, where charcoal pigments and a few pottery fragments were found.
We could not continue excavations in this section due to water infiltrations.
Independently from these trenches, during the supervision of the construction
works of the western perimeter walls, we also identified two features as follows:
a)	G3 (PI. XIII; XXXI). It was delimited under the form of a small pottery
cluster. We excavated a 1.70 x 1.80 m trench in order to examine the entire archae-
ological feature. The stratigraphy is as follows: 0.00-0.20 - modern gravei layer;
0.20-0.90 m - dark earth layer; 0.90-1.50 (1.63 m) m: dark earth layer, mixed with
yellow clay; 1.50-1.70 m - yellow clay layer, sterile archaeologically. The pit was
delimited at 0.90 m depth from the current surface level, its maximum depth being
of -1.63 m. it was circular in shape, bell-shaped in section, with a diameter of 1.60 m.
the inventory consisted of 21 complete and restorable pots, three small animal bones
and large stones. They were deposited on the pit bottom, over a layer of approxi-
mately 10 cm of burn. The latter, mostly amassed in the middle of the pit, while
the feature edges did not contain burning traces. The earth which filled the pit was
composed of a mixture of dark earth and yellow clay and is represented by the earth
excavated when the pit was dug. The entire inventory, it means of deposition (pots
piled up, pots placed with the mouth either upwards or downwards), burning prints
makes us deem the archaeological feature as special, cultic, respectively a pit with
the deposition of offerings.
b)	G4 (PI. XIV; XXXII) placed at 19.00 m from the Southern perimeter, on
the location of the western wall. There we excavated a trench sized 2.50 x 2.40 m.
At -1.60 m deep we discovered a round pit with 1.10 m diameter. The pit is 0.50 m
deep. Inside the pit we found several Hallstatt pottery fragments. After its removal, we
noticed that on its bottom emerged a strong burning layer. When excavating the pit
on the north-south axis, we noted below a kiln at -2.05 m deep. The kiln was relatively
round, sized 1.50 x 1.40 m. Kiln walls were strongly fired, this compact burning hav-
ing a maximum thickness of 0.20 m. Beneath the kiln level we identified yet another
pit, relatively round, sized 1.75 x 1.55 m, the maximum depth of this pit being 0.30 m.
In this pit were deposited four vessels and a bone sceptre (PI. XXXIII).
Archaeological materials11
1.	Bone sceptre (PI. XXXIII). Find spot: trench for western perimeter walls, pit
G4. The sceptre is made of deer horn, is polished on one of the sides and is sized: 9 cm
on the lower side, 14.5 cm on the upper side, max. thick = 3.9 cm and max. 1 = 6.5 cm.
In the lower part it is provided with a rectangular attachment orifice, sized 2.2 x 2 cm
and respectively 2.8 x 1.9 cm in the upper part, decorated with two incisions surround-
ing it. Laterally, on the upper side, it has a round orifice, 0.6 cm in diameter. By one
of the ends the deer horn is polished, and by the other end is provided with an orifice,
relatively rotund, 2.5 cm in diameter.
11 In the description of the artifacts in the catalogue the following were used: L = length; 1 = width;
thick = thickness; rd = rim diameter; bd = base diameter; h = height. The presented catalogue is selective.
The Hallstatt and La Tene pottery was not yet processed.
22
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
2.	Celtic knife12 (PL XXXIV/1). Find spot: S20, at -1.10 m deep. Sizes: L = 31 cm,
max. 1 = 3.5 cm. Preserving the handle (7 cm) which is slightly curved and ends in a
round button. The blade is broken.
3.	Fragmentary brick (PI. XXXIV/2). Find spot: trench S4, pit Gl. Sizes:
18.5 x 12.5 cm; thick = 4.5 cm. Stamped Roman brick, preserving impressed letter
R as well as a vertical hasta. The two letters may come from stamp R(es) P(ublica)
[Nfapocensis)]^. MNIT, inv. nr. V 63596.
4.	Bone item (PI. XXXIV/3). Find spot: trench S4, pit Gl. L = 2.5 cm, respectively
3 cm sides, being similar to a rhomb; it is decorated with concentric circles on one side,
and the other side is smooth, exhibiting no attachment prints. MNIT, inv. nr. V 63595.
5.	Fragmentary large tureen14 (PI. XV/1); rd = 32 cm; rim and body fragment fine
fabric, greenish-grey (Munsell 10GY, 5/1), with fine calcite and mica inclusions; grey
slip traces (Munsell 10GY, 7/1) inside; homogeneous firing. Rim with triangular profile,
strongly inverted, with a large groove (h = 1 cm), which also resulted in the thinning
of the pot wall inside; on the outside, it also exhibits a groove, just below the rim, tilted
body, possible ring base. Based on the archaeological context and the reused Roman
brick, identified in pit Gl from section S4, we believe it dates to the post-Roman period.
6.	Fragmentary bowl or tureen base (?) (PI. XV/2); bd = 10 cm; it preserved in
a 30% proportion; fine fabric, light grey (Munsell 10Y, 7/1), with small and average
size quartz and calcite inclusions and fine mica inclusions, homogenous firing. The
ring base is short, well profiled and exhibits two concentric circles on the outside,
parallel to the ring. Inside, the base smoothening was carelessly made. Possible prints
of deposition/secondary firing, coming from the archaeological feature where it was
discovered (section S4, pit Gl).
7.	Fragmentary pot (PI. XV/3); rd = 12 cm; rim and body fragment; semi fine
to coarse fabric, with average size quartz inclusions, fine calcite and mica inclusions,
light grey in section and inside (Munsell 5GY, 7/1), greenish-grey (Munsell 5GY, 6/1)
on the outside and on the rim (due to the use on open fire); homogenous firing. The
irregular appearance of the rim, especially on the inside, and of the neck, on the out-
side, suggests it was slow wheel-thrown. Reverted rim, slightly bevelled, with a slight
marking on the inside of a groove for supporting the lid. The pot neck is tall, the con-
nection to the shoulder being marked by four (or several) grooves, possibly globular
body. Due to the archaeological context (S25), we believe these potshards may be dat-
ing to the pre-medieval period, respectively the 7th - 9th centuries.
Conclusions
We recorded for the first time in this area a fortified Hallstatt settlement. Some
of trenches identified the defensive ditch of the northern side of the settlement, which
we believe ran behind the current blocks of flats on Almașului St., where the land sud-
denly descends. Unfortunately, the fortification rampart no longer survived and could
not be identified in none of the trenches. Based on the analysis of the main finds and
12 Dima 2008, 81-88.
13 For bibliography, see note 8.
14 We thank herein Mrs. Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț for the pottery description.
A neu> fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
23
especially on the pottery typology and decoration (bitruncated-cone vessels black on the
outer surface and red inside, cups with globular body, pouch-shaped vessels provided
with projections and groove decoration placed obliquely, vertically or in garland), we
frame this finds in Hallsttat B period. Features similar to these here - pits with offering
deposits, vessels piled up - like pits G3 and G4 discovered during the supervision of
the construction works of the western perimeter walls (archaeological features of special
nature), are not singular for the Hallstatt period, such archaeological contexts - espe-
cially the cultic pit G3, being also recorded in the settlement at Teleac15 or that at Tășad16.
An analogy for the sceptre discovered in the archaeological feature G4 comes
from the settlement at Teleac17, except it was decorated with concentric circles on the
entire surface, such items being rather rare. Another sceptre, dated to the first Iron
Age, which is a good analogy for our specimen, was recently discovered in the Hallstatt
settlement at Alba-Iulia18. The origin, functionality and role of such power insignia,
have been broadly and thoroughly analysed, therefore we shall not further discuss the
matter in detail herein19.
The settlement discovered on Street Câmpului nos. 9-19 belongs to the category
of fortified settlements, inhabited on a constant basis, located on higher grounds.
Until present, a number of 26 fortified settlements are known on the territory of
Transylvania20. In terms of the defensive System, we may note that it consisted of a
ditch, which must have been also provided with a defence rampart, which, unfor-
tunately, could not be identified archaeologically due to modern and contemporary
interventions.
It is very likely that this fortified settlement continued existence also in the second
Iron Age, as evidenced by the identified pottery chronologically framed in La Tene CI,
as well as by the existence of pottery assemblages from this period. Subsequent to
the pottery processing, we shall be able to more accurately date this novei fortified
settlement discovered on the current territory of Cluj-Napoca city.
Two of the pits we identified dated to the Roman period and contained pottery, a reused
Roman brick stamped R(es) P(ublica) [N(apocensis)], as well as a bone rhomb- shaped
token with concentric circles. From the territory of Mănăștur quarter, yet from unspecified
spots, come also 14 bronze coins dating from Constantius II to Valentinianus II21.
Bibliography
Aldea 1973	I. Aldea, Un sceptru de os din așezarea Wietenberg de la Lancrăm
jud. Alba), Apulum, XI, 1973, 25-35.
Chidioșan 1979	N. Chidioșan, Raport asupra săpăturilor arheologice întreprinse în
anul 1978 în satul Tășad, comuna Drăgești județul Bihor, MCA, XII,
1979,85-89.	’
15 Vasiliev, Aldea, Ciugudean 1991, 41-42.
16 Chidioșan 1979, 85-89.
17 Vasiliev, Aldea, Ciugudean 1991, 73-74, Fig. 22/14.
18 Lascu, Gheorghiu 2009, 593-599; Information Florin Gogâltan, whom we thank herein.
19 Aldea 1973, 31-33; Vasiliev, Aldea, Ciugudean 1991, 73-74; Popa, Simina 2004, 19, 26-28.
20 Vasiliev 2003, 55.
21 RepCluj, 122.
24
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
Diaconescu, Bota, Voișian 2006	AL Diaconescu, E. Bota, V. Voișian, Ceramica de tradiție provinicial romană în sec V-VIpe teritoriul Daciei. Grupul Sarmizegetusa-Napoca. In: C. Gaiu, C. Găzdac (eds.) Fontes Historiae. Studia in Honorem Demeter Protase, Bistrița 2006, 885-909.
Dima 2008	C. Dima, Despre un cuțit celtic descoperit recent la Cluj., Brukenthal. Acta Musei, III.l, Sibiu 2008, 81-88.
Hica 1974	I. Hica, Urme de locuire din secolul al IV-lea e.n. la Cluj-Mănăștur. In: H. Daicoviciu (ed.), In memoriam Constantini Daicoviciu, Cluj 1974, 165-174.
lambor, Matei 1975	P. lambor, Șt. Matei, Cetatea feudală timpurie de la Cluj-Mănăștur, AHA, XVIII, 1975, 291-304.
lambor, Matei 1979	P. lambor, Șt. Matei, Incinta fortificată de la Cluj-Mănăștur (sec. IX- XIV), ActaMN, XVI, 1979, 599-620.
lambor, Matei, Halasu 1981	P. lambor, Șt. Matei, A. Halasu, Considerații privind raportul crono- logic dintre așezarea și cimitirul de la Cluj-Mănăștur, ActaMN, XVIII, 1981,128-150.
lambor, Matei 1983	P. lambor, Șt. Matei, Noi cercetări arheologice la complexul medieval timpuriu de la Cluj-Mănăștur, ActaMN, XX, 1983, 131-146.
Munsell Lascu, Gheorghiu 2009	A. H. Munsell, Color soil charts, New Windor 1994 (revised edition). I. Lascu, R. Gheorghiu, Un sceptru de corn din așezarea din prima vârstă a fierului de la Alba-Iulia „Dealul Furcilor - Monolit”, Apulum, XLVI, 2009, 593-599.
Petolescu 1983	C. C. Petolescu, Cronica epigrafică a României (II, 1981- 1982), SCIVA, 34, 1983, 4, 363-385.
Popa, Simina 2004	C. I. Popa, M. Simina, Cercetări arheologice la Lancrăm „Glod”, Alba lulia 2004.
Posta 1912	B. Posta, Az erem es regisegtâr jelentese, Az Erdelyi Muzeum- Egyesiilet Evkdnyve az 1911 evre, Cluj 1912.
Protase 1966	D. Protase, Problema continuității în Dacia în lumina arheologiei și numismaticii, București 1966.
Vasiliev 2003	V. Vasiliev, Prima epocă a fierului. In: I. A. Pop, T. Năgler (eds.), Istoria Transilvaniei, voi I (până la 1541), Cluj-Napoca 2003, 51-66.
Vasiliev, Aldea, Ciugudean 1991	V. Vasiliev, I. Aldea, H. Ciugudean, Civilizația dacică timpurie în aria intracarpatică a României, Cluj-Napoca 1991. Emilian Bota emilianbs@yahoo.com Valentin Voișian woisian@yahoo.com Monica Tecar monicatecar@yahoo.com Tiberiu Tecar tmtecar@yahoo.com National History Museum of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca

(O
Oi
PI. II. 1. Excavation unit SI, eastern profile; 2. Excavation unit S8, northern profile.
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
Legend:
2
QiDII ■ Modern filling
| 1 | - Filling
EZE1 - Filling
HHH - Humus
F | - G1 and G2
| - Stones and pottery
Wm - Vessel base
p -d - Sterile clay
IW>’J - Trench for water main
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at
Q
•§
O
a
PI. III. 1. Excavation unit S4, northern profile; 2. Plan; 3. Excavation unit S13, eastern profile.
bo
oo
PI. IV. 1. Excavation unit S6, northern profile ; 2. Excavation unit S7, northern profile.
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
A new fortifică Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
29
PI. V. 1. Excavation unit S9, eastern profile; 2. Excavation unit S10, eastern profile;
3. Excavation units S21 and S22, western profile after the demolition of the baulk.
CU
O
PI. VI. Excavation unit S15: 1. Eastern profile; 2. Plan with pit Gl, pit G2 and pit G3 .
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. VII. Excavation units S16, S18-S20, S26, plan with house Bl .
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at
32
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. VIII. Excavation unit SI6: 1. Northern profile; 2. Eastern profile.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-.
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. X. Excavation unit SI 7: 1. Southern profile; 2. Northern profile.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at
Ol
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XII. Excavation unit S29:1. Plan; 2. Southern profile .
A neu> fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
37
PI. XIII. Western perimeter walls. Archaeological feature G3:1. Plan; 2. Eastern profile.
38
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XIV. Western perimeter walls. Archaeological feature pit G4: 1. G4a; 2. G4 kiln;
3. G4b.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
39
PI. XV. 1-2. Post-Roman pottery; 2. Pre medieval pottery.
40
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XVI. 1. General view before the archaeological research commencement;
2. Excavation unit SI, general view.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
41
PI. XVII. 1. Excavation unit S2, general view; 2. Excavation unit S8, general view.
42
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XVIIL1. Excavation unit S4, general view; 2. Excavation unit S4, detail with pit
Gl.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
43
PI. XIX. 1-3. Excavation unit S9, general views.
44
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XX. 1-2. Excavation unit S10, general views.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
45
PI. XXI. 1. Excavation units S21-S24, general view; 2. Eastern profile of excavation
units S21 and S22 after the demolition of the baulk.
46
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XXII. Excavation unit S15. 1. Detail with Gl; 2. Detail with Gl, G2; 3. Detail with
Gl, G2 and G3.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
47
PI. XXIII. 1. Excavation unit S16, northern profile with Bl: 2. Excavation unit S18,
general view; 3. Excavation unit S20, general view.
48
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XXIV. 1. Excavation unit S17, general view; 2-3. Details with pit Gl.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
49
PI. XXV. 1-3. Excavation unit S17, details with G2.
50
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
3
PI. XXVI. Excavation unit S17, details with: 1. Pit G3 ; 2-3. Pit G5.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
51
PI. XXVII. 1-3. Excavation unit S17, details with pit house Bl.
52
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XXVIII. 1. Excavation unit S25, general view; 2. Excavation unit S5, detail with
stone and Roman bricks cluster.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
53
4
PI. XXIX. 1. Excavation unit S27, general view; 2-3. Excavation unit S27, details with
pit Gl; 4. Excavation unit S29, general view.
54
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XXX. 1. Excavation unit S28, general view; 2. Excavation unit S28, pit Gl;
3. Excavation unit S28, pit G2.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
55
PI. XXXI. 1-3. Trench for the Western perimeter wall, details with pit Gl.
56
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XXXII. Trench for the western perimeter wall: 1. Details with G4a; 2. Details with
pit G4 kiln; 3. Details with pit G4b.
A new fortified Hallstatt settlement discovered at Cluj-Napoca
57
PI. XXXIII. 1-3. Hallstatt bone sceptre.
58
Emilian Bota, Valentin Voișian, Monica Tecar, Tiberiu Tecar
PI. XXXIV. 1. Celtic iron knife; 2. Stamped Roman brick fragment; 3. Bone item.
Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 59-82
ROMAN REMAINS
IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN AREA OF NAPOCA1
EUGENIA BEU-DACHIN, LUCA-PAUL PUPEZĂ, DIANA B1NDEA
Abstract: In 2007, the National History Museum of Transylvania carried out a res-
cue archaeological excavation in south-east Napoca. Four different historical periods were
recorded: Modern, Medieval, Roman and Prehistoric. According to finds, the most interesting
is the Roman level, where some archaeological features were distinguished, and some fragmen-
tary artifacts as well. An imported, Central-Gaulish artifact, in fact a Drag. 37 type decorated
bowl, dates our Roman level in the period between AD 140 and 190 (Antoninus Pius - Marcus
Aurelius). The bowl was manufactured at Lezoux, in MACRJNVS’s officina^ whose name is
stamped on the artifact. The bone material (processed by our colleague Diana Bindea) brings
forth interesting data on human intervention on some animal bones.
Keywords: Roman period; terra sigillata'., pipe-clay figurine; stone wall.
Rezumat: Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei a întreprins în anul 2007 o cer-
cetare arheologică preventivă în partea sud-estică a Napocăi. In ceea ce privește epocile istorice,
sunt atestate patru perioade: modernă, medievală, romană și preistorică. Potrivit descoperirilor,
cea mai importantă epocă cercetată este cea romană. Au putut fi determinate câteva complexe
arheologice, din care provine și un număr de piese. Un bol Drag. 37 provenind din Gallia
centrală datează nivelul roman în perioada 140-190 p. Chr. (Antoninus Pius - Marcus Aurelius).
Piesa a fost fabricată la Lezoux, în officina lui MACRINVS. Materialul osteologic (prelucrat de
colega noastră Diana Bindea) contribuie cu informații interesante privind intervențiile umane
asupra unor oase de animale.
Cuvinte cheie: epoca romană; terra sigillata^ statuetă de teracotă; zid de piatră.
Archaeological research performed in recent years on the territory of Cluj-Napoca
city has exposed a series of Roman period remains that unquestionably broaden our
knowledge on the settlement’s history.
Site location. History of research
The site is located on the last terrace of Someș River, at approximately 500 meters
south the river (PI. I*). Having identified the stone enclosure of the town on at least
three of its sides2, we may locate our finds somewhere in its south-eastern area. The
eastern side of the ancient town, still unidentified, was supposed to be between the
Greek-Catholic “Schimbarea la Față” Church and the building on 16 Eroilor Blvd.3.
1 Part of the content herein, including plates, was published in Beu-Dachin, Pupeză 2010, 87-109.
The review of such Information is designed for the forthcoming collective volume of the National History
Museum of Transylvania, heside other similar finds identified on the territory of Cluj-Napoca city.
2 Daicoviciu 1974, 25-49; RepCluj, 118-154, Fig. 69, s.v. Cluj; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 83-87.
3 Voișian, Bota, Ciongradi 2000, 268.
60
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
This would be just nearby our excavation points. Research carried out in 2007 by a
team of the National History Museum of Transylvania led by Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț
and A. A. Rusu+ within the enclosure of the former store Ferrari ABC on 21 Eroilor
Blvd., revealed scarce Roman material leading to the conclusion that respective point
was located in the extramural area of Napoca5.
The south-eastern corner of Napoca’s enclosure was examined in a few points by
the specialists of the National History Museum of Transylvania. In 1994, a rescue exca-
vation performed6 nearby the Memorandiștilor Monument unveiled a brooch workshop
dated to the first earth-and-timber phase of Napoca (pre-urban phase), corresponding
to Trajan’s period and the early rule of Emperor Hadrian (AD 106-118)7. In 2007,
inside the courtyard of the building on 4 luliu Maniu St., the specialists of the Institute
of Archaeology and Art History of Cluj-Napoca identified a pit containing pottery waste,
among which also the head of a pipe-clay figurine depicting a female face8, which led
to the assumption that a pottery workshop was located there. An additional argument
favouring the hypothetical location of a pottery workshop in the area was the discovery
of a sigillum for decorating terra sigillata moulds near the brooch workshop9.
Results of the archaeological research
on Eroilor Blvd nos. 1, 9-11, 11
In 2007 still, the National History Museum of Transylvania10 investigated
in this area three points, all framing in the Eroilor Blvd. perimeter, close to the
Memorandiștilor Monument. The beneficiary of the works was the City Hali of Cluj-
Napoca Municipality, various companies being employed for its completion. Four
inhabitancy levels were identified (Modern, Medieval, Roman and Neolithic).
The first of the three points was located at 6 m NW the Memorandiștilor
Monument, on 1 Eroilor Blvd. (PI. 1/1-2; II/1-2)11. There, the rescue archaeological
research was initiated for the archaeological discharge of the land surface where a
manhole was intended.
In the second point (PI. III/1-2) at no. 11, where the pump chamber of an
artesian well was intended, a 3.50 * 2.30 m trench was excavated. Archaeological
supervision was requested when the trench was 3.20 m x 2.30 m x 2.20 m; a 0.30 m
southward extension was dug under our supervision. There were identified limestone
block fragments, likely coming from a wall, which had been destroyed a long time ago.
The archaeological material consisted only in a few potshards from different periods,
as well as bone material of animal origin.
4 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 85.
5 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 85.
6 Cociș, Voișian, Rusu-Bolindeț 1995, 24, no. 32 C.
7 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 99.
8 Mustață et alii 2008, 110, no. 49, PI. 24; 362.
9 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 50.
10 The research team was composed of the authors of this article, archaeologists Luca-Paul Pupeză and
Eugenia Beu-Dachin.
11 Bota, Beu-Dachin, Pupeză 2008, 108-110, no. 48.
Roman remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
61
The third point (PI. IV/1-2) is located at 9-11 Eroilor Blvd., where the statuary
group Lupa Capitolina was supposed to be placed. A trench was excavated just nearby
the base, at 0.50 m west its Foundation. Sizes were as follows: 1.00 m (E-W) x 2.00 m
(N-S), with a maximum reached depth of 1.30 m. At this depth, a stone platform
emerged all over the trench surface. The archaeological material is scarce consisting
only in a few potshards from various periods and fragmentary bone material. The
function of the stone platform could not be established as the trench could not be
extended.
Returning to trench CI in the point 1 Eroilor Blvd., the Roman level was
reached at approximately -2.30 m deep, under successive levelling layers of Modern
and Medieval origin12. Clear features surfaced only in this trench, various archaeologi-
cal materials being collected from the culture layers.
Archaeological artifacts
Stratigraphically, at least two Roman inhabitancy levels are noticeable (PI. II/1-2).
The most recent level is a debris layer, approximately 1.10 m thick, composed of black
soil containing limestone rocks, animal bones, many tiles and potshards. To this stage
belongs a massive wall, ZI, oriented N-S, identified in CI, of which a single row of
yellow limestone rocks bound with mortar was preserved, its maximum width being
0.80 m. The groundwork, preserved much better, was composed of river stones, placed
on layers, with a total thickness of 0.75 m (PI. X/3).
The tiles identified in this level are rectangular, with raised edges, of average sizes,
coarse fabric, orange or brownish, without traces of secondary firing. They are decorated
with spiral or meander motifs, finger-imprinted in the raw fabric. A few fragments
come from semi-circular shingles made of a fabric similar to that of the tiles.
A fragmentary pipe-clay statuette depicting a child bust (PI. IX/1-2)13 was found
still in this layer. Two fragments were recovered, which fit together and represent the
bust. The statuette head and left shoulder are missing. Its preserved height is of 8 cm,
the base being 4 cm wide. The width in the shoulder area must have been of approxi-
mately 7 cm and the total height of the item, including the missing head, must have
reached ca. 12 cm.
The item is made of orange fabric, with hue differences between the inside and out-
side parts, visible on the wall profile. The fabric is of poor quality, the piece being likely
made locally, yet copying Gallo-Romanic models, extremely spread in the provinces of
Gallia and Britannia.
The item is a bust with arms rendered only to the rounded shoulders and a collar
represented in the lower part, of which a ZuzzuZn1+-type pendant is attached. The latter
is rather faded, due to the wear and tear of the item. The base is well preserved, three
12 A Neolithic culture level with pottery material (Iclod-Cheile Turzii group) was identified below
Roman levels.
13 Beu-Dachin 2010, 237-250.
14 Lunula represented an adornment used as amulet by women and children for protection. Children
usually received such lunulae at birth; they were occasionally made of precious metal (Forcellini 1831, II,
700).
62
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
grooves being noticeable on its front part. Inside, the statuette is empty, which might
have ensured the necessary air draught during firing15 (PI. IX/1-2; XH/la-b).
The item is likely to originate in a local workshop16 or was simply lost by someone.
Nonetheless, it was broken then, in Antiquity and the head was lost. Most often, these
items appear in funerary environment, in children’s graves, being deposited either as
toys or for the protection of the dead child.
Pipe-clay figurines depicting children’s busts are a very interesting category of
objects, their functionality being interpreted manifold. It seems that some of them
were used as toys, having occasionally inside clay balls17 or little stones so to be used
as rattles (crepundia). In many cases, children are depicted bald-headed and smiling,
with naked chest and shoulders.
Pipe-clays depicting children are not very spread in Dacia. Many come from
Apulum18. It is hard to say whether they were produced in special workshops (figlind)
or in common pottery workshops, modelled beside other categories of clay objects.
Rather rarely within the Empire, there are cases when sigillarii artisans stamp such
figurines, however in Dacia no such case exists.
In what the pottery discovered in this point on Eroilor Blvd. is concerned, it
belongs especially to the common category, few terra sigillata or luxury vessel frag-
ments being found.
In this Roman inhabitancy level (which is a debris layer), placed between m 2.30
- 3.40, at approximately -3.00 - 3.20 m deep, in the north-eastern corner of the trench,
were identified three fragments of a terra sigillata vessel of Drag. 37 type (PI. V/2a-e),
one bearing the potter’s stamp (PI. V/2a, XII/2)19.
The vessel decoration is in relief, placed at least on two registers. The upper
register, delimited by the lower one by a pearled line, is composed of simple, unre-
lated ovae. The decoration in the lower register was placed in separate panels, each
delimited by a pearled line. Best preserved was the panel displaying Amor, in pro-
file, to the left, holding a bird in the stretched arm and being flanked by two circles.
A vegetal motif is depicted in the left panel and in the right, only a single circle
survived. The vessel was made of a very good quality fabric, being covered by red-
orange slip.
The artisan’s, MACRINVS, stamp is very well preserved, being placed obliquely,
between the rim and the first register of the decoration. His officina may be placed
with certainty in central Gaul at Lezoux20.
A single potshard was stamped, yet it was too small to allow identification of the
vessel type it belonged to (PI. V/l). Moreover, a single specimen was red-brownish
painted on the yellowish fabric of a vessel with bulging body.
15 For the requirement of air draught and therefore, of orifices in the base area see Ungurean 2008, 96,
100.
16 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 94: the author supposes in this area a pottery workshop, based, among other, on
the discovery of the pit filled with Roman pottery waste on 4 I. Maniu St.
17 Beu-Dachin 2010, 240: it is a pipe-clay statuette in the collection of the National History Museum of
Transylvania (inv. no. 6753 = V. 19834).
18 Anghel et alii 2011.
19 We thank our colleague Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț for the Information and references put at our disposal.
20 Oswald 1931, 176-177, 399; Hofmann 1971, 23, PI. XII.
Roman remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
63
Pottery belonging to common types is made of a fine or semi-fine fabric, with
mica schist, sand or crushed shards as inclusions and are mostly oxidised, in various
red hues. Of fine fabric vessels, many were jugs (PI. VI/4, 6) or cups (PI. VI/2, 8), with
rounded rim, sometime grooved, narrow neck and a slightly heightened handle. Some
of them may be framed as amphorae-, likely two-handled, of larger sizes, with reverted,
grooved rim (PI. VI/3, 5). A single potshard came from a small-sized lid (PI. VI/1),
similarly to the case of a bowl with a slightly truncated-cone profile (PI. VI/12).
Simple pots with bulging body and round rim (PI. VI/10), either reverted
(PI. VI/9, 13) or inverted, decorated with alveoli or grooves (PI. VII/13, 16, 18) are
best represented. Some of them still preserve traces of handle attachments.
Plate fragments are also present, showing a slightly curved profile (PI. VIII/1) or
almost vertical (PI. VIII/5-6), round rim and flat base. The single decoration elements
are the incised lines, both on the outside and inside of the vessel. Terrine fragments,
of smaller sizes, yet taller are rare (PI. VI/11; VIII/3).
The earliest Roman level identified at - 3.20 m deep was 0.45 m thick and con-
sisted of a black, compact layer, with few potshards and animal bones. In this level
also surfaced a wall, Z2, oriented ENE - WSW, identified still in CI, of which were
preserved only two rows of limestone rocks bound with mortar and a 0.20 m buttress,
placed on its NW side. The wall was 0.60 m wide, stones being placed directly on the
ground. Wall ZI, from the preceding stage, overlaps Z2, partially used in its founda-
tion, the angle between the two beings of 78 degrees (PI. X/2).
A mortar dressing pit, circular in shape, 0.77 m in diameter and 0.30 m in depth
(PI. 1/2; X/l) emerged close to the wall. Its filling contained a few limestone rocks of
average sizes and a 0.10 m-thick mortar layer was preserved in the lower part.
The discovered pottery was much poorer quantitatively, its main features being
approximately the same with those of the pottery identified in the upper layer. No
fragment could be definitively framed in one type or another, they likely being simple
pots, cups or even dishes.
Chronology
Undeniably, the best chronological indicator is the terra sigillata discovered in
the upper layer. The operation period of MACRINVS’s officina at Lezoux covers the
period Antoninus Pius - Marcus Aurelius, between AD 140 and 19021. The period is
that of maximum prosperity of the pottery workshops there.
The start of the pottery centre at Lezoux, in the period Augustus-Tiberius, was
rather difficult, being in direct competition with the centre at La Graufesenque, in
Southern Gaul. As such, the customers of the lst century AD pottery production were
restricted almost exclusively to central Gaul. Circumstances would change though
after the arrival of a new wave of artisans, especially decorators, by the end of the lst
century AD, when Lezoux transforms into a complex of production centres which also
21 Oswald 1931, 176; Hofmann 1971, 29, no. 112. An officina with an identica! potter’s name also
operated under Trajan at La Graufesenque, in Southern Gaul. Given the decoration, it is less likely that
the vessel was made then.
64
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
includes the neighbouring workshops at Les Martres-de-Veyre, Terre Franche, Lubie
or Toulon-sur-Allier22.
Once with Hadrian, despite the competition amongst the workshops in north-
eastern Gaul, the centre at Lezoux reigns supreme in the production of terra sigillata
in the western part of the Empire. Such supremacy, which would be also felt in Dacia,
would be cut short by the economic events by the end of the 2nd century AD (currency
crisis, depreciation, the effects of the Barbarian invasions and the epidemics)23.
Thus, naturally, most numerous sigillata imports from Dacia come from cen-
tral Gaul, from qfficinae that reach maximum prosperity under the Antonines24. At
Napoca, coming from the workshops of Lezoux, were identified products of arti-
sans QVINTILIANVS, CINNAMVS, ALBVCIVS or MERCATOR II25. However
MACRINVS, in both Napoca as well as the rest of the province remains a singular
example until present date.
The other potshards provide less chronological details, yet none restricts the dat-
ing provided by the terra sigillata vessel. In what the pipe-clay figurine is concerned,
it appears in many finds from Dacia, including at Napoca, without being framed in a
well delimited time period.
The lower Roman level could be chronologically framed based only on stratigraphy,
being previous to the upper level. For lack of chronological pointers, we may only
assume that it belongs to an older stone phase of the town, without knowing with cer-
tainty whether it is the first, placed sometime by mid-2nd century AD26.
Conclusions
One cannot simply compare above finds with those similar identified in the
immediate neighbourhood (Memorandiștilor Monument, Unirii Square) as no strati-
graphic correlation can be operated since the excavation campaigns were performed
during different time intervals. In fact, this is also the main flaw of the rescue excava-
tions in the centre of the Roman town, like those on Eroilor Blvd.: despite they were
many, the excavations revealed only disparate elements of the general background.
Even so, future research at larger scale could prove their usefulness, similarly to the
small pieces of a mosaic.
22 Hofmann 1971, 20.
23 Hofmann 1971, 21.
24 Popilian 1976, 26; Isac 1980, 469. According to a recent statistics, ca. 40% of terra sigillata fragments
in Napoca come from central Gaul (see Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 133).
25 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 133-135, with references.
26 The succession between the earth-and-timber and stone phases of the town, occurring by mid-2"d
century AD, was very well delimited stratigraphically in the finds on V. Deleu St., dated by a rich material
(see Cociș et alii 1995, 640).
Roman, remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
65
Catalogue of items27
1.	Small amphora, rim fragment, handle: 5.5 x 3 cm; grey inside and greyish-yellow slip
outside; inclusions: sand, mica; straight rim, slightly incurved, profiled, with three grooves;
the rim inner part is delimited by a notch; heightened handle, with three grooves on the outer
part; r. d. = 13 cm; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris layer; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61068; PI. VI/3.
2.	Small amphora (?), rim fragment, handle: 8x4 cm; orange; inclusions: sand; everted
rim; handle with three grooves, attached just below the rim; r. d. = 14 cm; Napoca, 1 Eroilor
Blvd, -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris layer; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61069; PI. VI/5.
3.	Bowl Drag. 37, terra sigillata^ origin Lezoux (central Gaul), two rim fragments and
one base fragment; rim: 15 x 6.5 cm; rim: 6 x 6.5 cm; base: 6.6 x 3.5 cm; red fabric, fine, with
calcite and mica particles; slip: red, glossy; decoration: in relief, preserved fragmentarily; upper
register is decorated with a row of simple ovae, not linked to each other; the lower register is
grouped in panels delimited in-between by pearled lines. In one of the panels is depicted Amor,
to the left, the stretched arm holding a bird. Artisan’s MACRINVS stamp preserved, of Lezoux.
Dating, based on the workshop: Antoninus Pius - Marcus Aurelius, AD 140-190; Napoca, 1
Eroilor Blvd., -3.00-3.20 m, in the Roman debris layer; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61066; PI. V/2a-e;
XII/2.
4.	Bowl, rim fragment: 7 x 4.5 cm; orange; red slip on the entire surface; inclusions:
sand, mica; slightly everted rim, slightly spherical body; r. d. = 18 cm; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd,
-2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61070; PI. VI/12.
5.	Bowl, rim fragment: 4.2 x 3.1 cm; r. d. = 11 cm; orange-brownish; inclusions: sand;
slightly thickened rim; slightly curved body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd, -2.30-3.40 m, in the
Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61102; PI. VI/11.
6.	Cup, rim fragment: 3.5 x 4.5 cm; orange; inclusions: sand, mica; well delimited rim,
narrower inside; likely truncated-cone neck; a sudden shape change is obvious in the lower part
of the fragment, which becomes bulging; r. d. = 10 cm; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m,
in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61071; PI. VI/8.
7.	Cup, rim fragment: 5.0 x 3.5 cm; grey; inclusions: sand, mica schist; slightly oblique
rim, everted, neck similar to a funnel; r. d. = 10 cm; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in
the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61072; PI. VI/2.
8.	Lid, rim fragment: 4.5 x 3.5 cm; brownish-yellow; inclusions: sand, mica; rolled
rim; r. d. = 13 cm; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61073; PI. VI/1.
9.	Terrine, rim fragment: 6.5 x 4 cm; red-brownish; red slip on the entire surface; inclu-
sions: sand, mica; rolled rim, grooved inside, to support the lid; decoration: outer grooving in
the bulging part; r. d. = 26.0 cm; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris
level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61074; PI. VIII/3.
10.	Dish, rim - wall - base fragment: 5.7 x 4.2 cm; r. d. = 26 cm; orange-brown, red slip;
inclusions: sand, mica; out turned straight rim; flat base; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m,
in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61103; PI. VIII/4.
11.	Stamped fragment: 4x2 cm; brownish-orange; red slip on the entire surface; inclu-
sions: sand, mica; stamped decoration: line (Rusu-Bolindeț, 2007, 258: nos. 1-21, PI. LXIX),
semicircle or lunula (Rusu-Bolindeț, 2007, 258: nos. 22-70, 71-89, PI. LXIX), letter-shaped
motif (Rusu-Bolindeț, 2007, 258: nos. 279-292, PL LXXI); Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-
3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61076; PI. V/l.
27 Authors of this article used the following abbreviations in the catalogue: r. d. = rim diameter,
d. = diameter.
66
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
12.	Vessel base, fragmentary: d. = 6 cm; red-orange; red slip inside the vessel; inclusions:
sand, mica; ring base; inward bevelled ring; concentric incisions on the outside of the base;
Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61077;
PI. VII/7.
13.	Vessel base, complete: d. = 3.5 cm; brownish-orange; inclusions: sand, mica; Napoca
1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61078; PI. VII/3.
14.	Vessel base, complete: d. = 9 cm; brownish-orange; inclusions: sand; well delimited
base, outer groove, traces of the tool detaching it from the wheel are noticeable; Napoca,
1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61080; PI. VII/10.
15.	Vessel base, fragmentary: 6 x 3.5 cm; orange; inclusions: sand, mica; bulging middle,
similar to an limbo, Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61081; PI. VII/8.
16.	Vessel base, fragmentary: d. = 13.0 cm; brownish-orange; inclusions: sand, mica. Napoca,
1 Eroilor Blvd, -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61082; PI. VII/4.
17.	Vessel base, fragmentary: 10.3 x 6.2 cm; d. = 16 cm; brownish-orange, reddish slip;
inclusions: sand, mica; ring base; wall likely bulging; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in
the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61104; PI. VII/9.
18.	Vessel base, fragmentary: 7.1 x 3.9 cm; d. = 12.0 cm; orange-brownish, reddish slip
on the inside; inclusions: sand, mica schist; ring base; curved wall; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd.,
-2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61105; PI. VII/6.
19.	Vessel base, fragmentary: 7.1 x 4.5 cm; d. = 9 cm; brown-yellowish; inclusions: sand,
mica schist; ring base; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61106; PI. VII/5.
20.	Vessel base, fragmentary: 3.9 x 2.1 cm; d. = 4,5 cm; grey, black slip on the outside;
inclusions: sand; ring base; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level;
MNIT, inv. no. V. 61107; PI. VII/2.
21.	Vessel base, fragmentary: 7.8 x 5.1 cm; d. = 14 cm; brown-yellowish; inclusions: sand,
mica; ring base, likely bulging wall; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman
debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61108; PI. VII/1.
22.	Pot (handled?), rim fragment: 9x4 cm; r. d. = 20.0 cm; brown-orange; inclusions:
sand, mica; slightly incurved rim, with three deep grooves; slightly hemispherical body; the
attachment prinț of a handle survived; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman
debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61083; PI. VII/16.
23.	Pot (handled?), rim fragment: 6x4 cm; r. d. = 19 cm; brown-orange; inclusions: sand,
mica; horizontal rim, delimited on the outside by a groove, strongly incurved, with two deep
grooves; slightly hemispherical body; what looks like the attachment prinț of a handle survived;
decoration: alveoli on the outer part of the rim; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the
Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61084; PI. VII/13.
24.	Handled pot, rim fragment: 7x2 cm; r. d. = 20 cm; orange; inclusions: sand; strongly
inverted rim, with four grooves; slightly hemispherical body; the attachment prinț of the han-
dle and a small part of it survived; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris
level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61085; PI. VII/18.
25.	Pot, rim fragment: 8x5 cm; r. d. = 20 cm; red; inclusions: sand, mica; reverted rim, well
delimited by an outer groove, slightly oblique inward, with four grooves; hemispherical body;
Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61086;
PI. VII/14.
26.	Pot, rim fragment: 11 x 4.5 cm; r. d. = 27 cm; orange; inclusions: sand, mica; almost
vertical rim, reverted, slightly oblique inward, with one groove; likely hemispherical body;
Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61087;
PI. VII/11.
Roman remains in the south-castem area of Napoca
67
27.	Pot, rim fragment: 6 x 4.5 cm; r. d. = 19 cm; orange; inclusions: sand, mica, crushed
shards; thickened rolled rim, slightly hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-
3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61088; PI. VI/10.
28.	Pot, rim fragment: 8.1 x 2.4 cm; r. d. = 21 cm; grey; inclusions: sand, mica; everted
rim; likely hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris
level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61095; PI. VII/12.
29.	Pot, rim fragment: 6.2 x 3.4 cm; r. d. = 18 cm; black, with firing traces inside; inclu-
sions: sand, mica; wide, downturned rim, exhibits two grooves; likely bulging wall, with two
incisions just below the rim; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level;
MNIT, inv. no. V. 61096; PI. VII/15.
30.	Pot, rim fragment: 9.2 x 5.1 cm; r. d. = 12 cm; grey; inclusions: sand, mica; down-
turned rim; hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris
level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61097; PI. VII/17.
31.	Pot, rim fragment: 4.5 x 3.8 cm; r. d. = 10 cm; grey; inclusions: sand, mica; down-
turned rim; hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris
level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61098; PI. VI/13.
32.	Pot, rim fragment: 6.9 x 3.5 cm; r. d. = 14 cm; grey; inclusions: sand, mica; rim out
turned rim; hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris
level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61099; PI. VI/9.
33.	Pot, 4 rim fragments; r. d. = 16 cm; grey, with firing traces on the outside; inclusions:
sand, mica; out turned rim, slightly rounded; hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd.,
-2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61100; PI. VII/19.
34.	Pot, rim fragment: 4.6 x 3.4 cm; r. d. = 12 cm; grey; inclusions: sand, mica; out turned
rim, rounded on the outside; likely hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m,
in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61101; PI. VI/7.
35.	Plate, rim fragment: 5 x 5.5 cm; r. d. = 24 cm; red; slip on the entire surface; inclu-
sions: quartzite, mica; out turned rim, not delimited, almost vertical, convex body, flat base;
an incised line appears on the outside; traces of the wooden tool used to flatten the walls are
visible on the inside; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61089; PI. VIII/1.
36.	Plate, rim fragment: 11 x 4.0 cm; r. d. = 24 cm; orange on the outside; the vessel shows
a different firing on the inside, the fabric becoming grey; in several points on the outside, the
vessel preserves traces of red slip; traces of secondary firing especially in the rim area; inclu-
sions: sand, mica schist; thickened rim, rounded, hemispherical body; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd.,
-2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61090; PI. VIII/2.
37.	Plate, rim fragment: 19 x 4.5 cm; r. d. = 35 cm; brown-orange; red slip on the entire
surface; inclusions: sand, mica; thickened rim, rounded, hemispherical body, flat base; Napoca,
1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61091; PL VIII/6.
38.	Plate, five rim fragments (one of them preserves the rim, wall and base): r. d. = 30 cm;
brownish-orange; red slip on the entire surface; inclusions: sand, mica; downturned rim, delim-
ited on the inside by a groove, convex body, flat base; exhibits traces of secondary firing; Napoca,
1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61092; PI. VIII/5.
39.	Jug, rim fragment: 7 x 4.5 cm; r. d. = 10 cm; brownish-orange; inclusions: sand, mica;
vertical rim, profiled by a deep groove on the outside, funnel-shaped mouth; preserves a small
part of the handle; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61093; PI. VI/4.
40.	Jug, rim fragment: 8 x 6.5 cm; r. d. = 10 cm; brownish-orange; red slip on the entire
surface, inclusions: sand, mica; out turned rim, with two grooves; preserving the attachment
prinț of the handle; Napoca, 1 Eroilor Blvd., -2.30-3.40 m, in the Roman debris level; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61094; PI. VI/6.
68
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
41.	Pipe-clay statuette, depicting the bust of a child. Preserved fragmentarily, headless.
MNIT, inv. no. V. 61067; PI. IX/1-2; PI. XH/la-b.
Archaeozoological determinations
The archaeological material from the most recent Roman level (2.30-3.40 m) con-
sists of 77 determined bone fragments. Except for a complete humerus of a domestic
hen, the rest of the pieces are of mammal origin. Their material is strongly fragmented,
having the appearance of domestic waste. Some of the pieces exhibit traces of human
intervention. No complete mammal bone allowing for any appreciation of the sizes of
the identified species was recovered.
The largest ratio belongs to bone remains assigned to domestic cattle (Bos tau-
rus), represented by 29 bone fragments. Based on a distal unepiphysed metacarpal
we appreciate that one of the two specimens was killed below 2 years of age and the
other after 3 years of age, age being estimated based on a distal unepiphysed metatar-
sal. Some of the cattle remains display processing traces. Thus, a fragmentary radius,
cut longitudinally, shows polishing traces at the cuts’ level, along the diaphysis and
proximal epiphysis. Another radius fragment shows three cuts on the posterior side
of the diaphysis, while the back and lateral sides of a phalange exhibit four unequal
cuts. It is possible that another two bone remains come still from cattle: a diaphysis
wall of a large size animal, calcined and a fragment, likely a proximal radius, burned
(red colour).
Domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) sum up 11 fragments from a minimum of
two specimens. Based on an isolate canine tooth and a jaw fragment with lacteal pre-
molars, it is a female killed below 1 year of age. The second specimen was ca. 2 years
old; to it belongs a mandible with M3 (unworn cusp 3) in alveoli. Cut traces are visible
on the median side of a scapula fragment and above the distal epiphysis of a humerus.
Sheep and goats (Ovis aries / Capra hircus) are represented by 9 fragments of
which one most definitely belongs to species Capra hircus. For the other 8 remains,
the differential diagnosis sheep-goat was not possible. Although there are no mor-
phological features that would certify the presence of the Ovis aries species in the
analysed material, one may not exclude its existence in the settlement. Caprovines are
represented by a number of two specimens, of which a ca. 3-year old goat, based on
a femur with visible proximal ossification limit and an old Ovis/Capra-, from which
comes a fragmentary left mandible bone with gingival retraction at the premolar level
and teeth under advanced erosion. A fragmentary coxal bone exhibits on the surface
of the acetabular fossa an orifice made in a concavity obtained by polishing an area of
ca. 3 cm on the posterior side.
The canids (Caniș familiaris and Caniș lupus} are represented by 4 bone
remains. Two of them, a fibula fragment and a metapodial fragment, belong to
the dog. Due to their size, we assigned the other two fragments, a distal humerus
(distal width = 44.2 mm; trochlea width = 33.0 mm; distal anterior-posterior diam-
eter = 34.4 mm) and a complete calcaneus (maximum length = 57.8 mm; maximum
width = 24.3 mm) to the wolf. Although during Roman times, there was an ample size
Roman remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
69
variability in the dog, we believe these remains belong to the wild species. Therefore,
we estimate that canids are represented by 2 adult specimens, a dog and a wolf.
The domestic hen is represented in the analysed lot by a complete humerus with
a maximum length of 72.6 mm.
We noticed the existence of a relatively large number of rib fragments, 9 Corning
from small-average size animals (5 remains belong to dog) and 15 fragments to large
size animals (most likely cattle).
The category of bone with traces of anthropic intervention includes a diaphysis
wall fragment, of ca. 3 cm in length, unidentified specifically, from a mean-size animal,
with all edges polished (transversal and longitudinal).
Metric data are few (also due to the strong fragmentation of the material). Hence,
morphological and biometrical specificities of the identified species are hard to assess.
	Bibliography
Anghel et alii 2011	D. Anghel, R. Ota, G. Bounegru, I. Lascu, Coroplastica, medalioane și tipare ceramice din colecțiile Muzeului Național al Unirii Alba lulia, Alba lulia 2011.	’	’
Beu-Dachin 2010	E. Beu-Dachin, Figurină de teracotă reprezentând bustul unui copil. In: I. Glodariu, G. Gheorghiu (eds.), Studii de istorie și arheologie. Omagiu cercetătorului dr. Eugen laroslavschi, Cluj-Napoca 2010, 237-250.
Beu-Dachin, Pupeză 2010 Bota, Beu-Dachin, Pupeză 2008 Cociș et alii 1995	E. Beu-Dachin, P. Pupeză, Cercetări arheologice în zona sud-estică a orașului roman Napoca, Sargetia S. N., I, 2010, 87-109. E. Bota, E. Beu-Dachin, P Pupeză, Cluj-Napoca, punct: Bd. Eroilor nr. 7, CCA. Campania 2007, București 2008, 108-110, no. 48. S. Cociș, V. Voișan, A. Paki, M. Rotea, Raport preliminar privind cercetările arheologice din str. K Deleu în Cluj-Napoca. I. Campaniile 1992-1994, ActaMN, 32/1,1995, 635-652.
Cociș, Voișian, Rusu- Bolindet 1995	S. Cociș, V. Voișian, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Cluj-Napoca, jud. Cluj, Bulevardul Eroilor, punct: Monumentul Memorandiștilor, CCA. Campania 1994, București 1995, 24, no. 32 C.
Daicoviciu 1974	H. Daicoviciu, Napoca romană. In: Șt. Pascu (ed.), Istoria Clujului, Cluj-Napoca 1974, 25-49.
Forcellini	Totius Latinitatis Lexicon, consilio et cura Jacobi Facciolati, opera et studio Aegidii Forcellini, tom. I, Prati, 1839 (www. babel.hathitrust. org), tom. II, Schneeberg, 1831 (www.books.google.com).
Hofmann 1971	B. Hofmann, Catalogue des estampilles sur vaisselle sigillee. l're pârtie (Les ateliers de La Graufesenque et de Lezoux), Groupe d’Archeologie antique du Turing Club de France, Notice technique, 21,1971.
Isac 1980	D. Isac, Importuri de terra sigillata la Napoca, ActaMN, XVII, 1980, 467-481.
Mustată et alii 2008	S. Mustață, A. Doboș, T. Daroczi, A. Ursuțiu, S. Cociș, Cluj-Napoca, jud. Cluj, punct: str. luliu Maniu nr. 4, CCA. Campania 2007, București 2008, 110, no. 49.
Oswald 1931 Popilian 1976	F. Oswald, Index des estampilles sur sigillee, Avignon 1931. Gh. Popilian, Ceramica romană din Oltenia, Craiova 1976.
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Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
Rusu-Bolindet 2007
Ungurean 2008
Voișian, Bota, Ciongradi
2000
V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Ceramica romană de la Napoca. Contribuții la
studiul ceramicii din Dacia romană, Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis
XXV, Cluj-Napoca 2007.
O. Ungurean, Teracotele figurate în Dacia romană, PhD manuscript,
Cluj-Napoca 2008.
V. Voișian, E. Bota, C. Ciongradi, Betrachtungen iiberdie Rdmerstadt
Napoca. In: H. Ciugudean, V. Moga (eds.), Army and Urban
Development in the Danubian Provinces of the Roman Empire,
Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis XV, Alba-Iulia 2000, 261-276.
Eugenia Beu-Dachin
genibeu@yahoo.com
Luca-Paul Pupeză
paulpupeza@yahoo.com
Diana Bindea
diana_bindea@yahoo.com
National History Museum of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca
Roman remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
71
PI. I. Eroilor Blvd., trench CI: 1. Site location; 2. Layout.
72
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
PI. II. Trench CI: 1. Northern profile; 2. Southern profile.
Roman remains in the south-eastern area of Napoca
75
PI. III. Trench C2: 1. Southern profile; 2. Layout.
74
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
PI. IV. Trench C3:1. Western profile; 2. Layout.
Roman remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
75
PI. V. l-2a-e. Trench CI - potsherds.
76
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
PI. VI. Trench CI - potsherds.
Roman remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
77
PI. VIL Trench CI - potsherds.
78
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
PI. VIII. Trench CI - potsherds.
Roman remains in the south-eastern area of Napoca
79
PI. IX. Pipe-clay statuette: 1. Front representation; 2. Back representation.
80
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
PI. X. Trench CI: 1. Archaeological feature CX 1; 2-3. Walls ZI and Z2.
Roman remains in the south-eastem area of Napoca
81
PI. XI. Trench C3: 1. Layout; 2. Trench C2 - Southern profile.
82
Eugenia Beu-Dachin, Luca-Paul Pupeză, Diana Bindea
PI. XII. Trench CI: la-lb. Pipe-clay statuette; 2. Terra sigillata bowl fragment.
Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 83-108
ROMAN FINDS IN THE ART MUSEUM COURTYARD
FROM CLUJ-NAPOCA
ADRIANA ANTAL, LUCA-PAUL PUPEZĂ
Abstract: The archaeological materials identified in the Art Museum courtyard are the
result of a rescue archaeological excavation performed inside the Roman town of Napoca. Two
Roman layers were determined. The first Roman is represented by a consistent burning layer,
likely from a burned building. The burning was extensive, the earth being almost vitrified,
while most potshards exhibit secondary burning traces. The archaeological material consists
mainly of common ware shards, however bronze, bone or glass objects are not missing either.
The second Roman layer is represented by a massive road massive stone slabs pavement. The
archaeological material discovered in this layer is varied: coins, a stone funerary cone, bone,
glass or bronze objects, as well as potshards (terra sigillata^ stamped pottery, common wares).
Keywords: Napoca; rescue excavation; coins; stamped pottery.
Resume: Les materiaux decouverts dans la cour du Musee d’Art sont le resultat d’une
fouille archeologique preventive. Deux niveaux romains ont ete identifies. Le premiere niveau
est representee par une brulure uniforme, probablement d’un bâtiment incendie. Le feu a ete
tres fort: le niveau de gravier et de sabie en dessous de la combustion est partiellement vitrifie
et la plupart des poteries est fortement brulee secondaire. Le materiei archeologique se com-
pose principalement de poterie d’usage commune, mais ne manque pas des objets en bronze,
en verre ou en os. Le second niveau romain est represente par un pavage de dalles massives de
pierre. Le materiei archeologique est varie: monnaies, un cone funeraire de pierre, objets en os,
verre ou bronze et aussi terre sigillee ou du ceramique estampee.
Mots-cles: Napoca; archeologie preventive; monnaie, poterie estampee.
Rezumat: Materialele arheologice provenite din curtea Muzeului de Artă au fost rezul-
tatul unei săpături arheologice preventive. Au fost identificate două nivele de epocă romană.
Nivelul roman timpuriu este reprezentat de un strat consistent de arsură, probabil de la o
construcție incendiată. Incendierea a fost puternică, nisipul aflat în amenajare a fost aproape
vitrifiat, iar majoritatea fragmentelor ceramice au urme de ardere secundară. Materialul arhe-
ologic descoperit a constat în principal din fragmente ceramice de la vase de uz comun, fără a
lipsi obiectele din bronz, os sau sticlă. Nivelul roman târziu este reprezentat de un drum / pavaj
cu dale masive din piatră. Materialul arheologic din acest nivel este variat: monede, un con
funerar din piatră, obiecte din os, sticlă sau bronz precum și fragmente ceramice.
Cuvinte cheie: Napoca; arheologie preventivă; monede; ceramică ștampilată.
I.	The Art Museum
The Art Museum, housed in the Bânffy Palace, the most significant accomplish-
ment of the Transylvanian baroque is located in central Cluj-Napoca, Piața Unirii
Square, close to Saint Michael Cathedral and the statuary group Mathias Rex (PI. I';
1/1). Geographically, the Museum is placed on the first terrace of Someș river, in fact
similarly to the entire ancient town centre, at approximately 500 m south the river.
84
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
The finds in the Art Museum courtyard, result of rescue archaeological excava-
tions1, cover the entire urban chronological sequence of the town, from contemporary
to Roman periods. The archaeological research was carried out in order to estimate
the historical potențial and the parțial archaeological discharge of the inner courtyard
of the palace, space designed for rearrangement.
A single trench was delimited, SI, of 23 x 3 m, oriented N-S (PL 1/2; II/l;
IX/1- 2), where culture layers were found to be succeeding to a depth of over 6
meters (PI. II/2). The most recent identified complex following the archaeological
excavations in the Art Museum courtyard belongs to the contemporary period. It
is a part of the concrete structure of a cinema (called “Apollo”, “Capitol”, then
“Progresul”), functioning there from the interwar period to 1971. Finds dated to
the modern period are closely related to the effective construction of the palace by
the Transylvanian governor, G. Bânffy, between 1774 and 1785. Two stone walls of
a cellar, of which one was provided with an arch, were identified in the courtyard
south-eastern area. The building they belonged to was most likely destroyed when
the palace was built. From the same period survived two phases of the original pave-
ment of the palace courtyard, a river stone paving, later covered with massive stone
slabs. Most of the complexes that pertain to the modern period are lime slaking
pits. Beneath the modern layer, no phase succession of the medieval period could be
identified (the 12lh -1711’ centuries), the most consistent layers of the period being
levelling layers that comprised mixed archaeological material.
II.	The second Roman layer
The second Roman layer2 is represented by a road massive stone slab pavement,
approximately oriented NW-SE (PI. II/l; X/l-3). Only three (four?) slabs survived,
the road/pavement foundation made of successive pebble, sand or sandy earth layers
(PI. II/2) being best preserved. The culture layer afferent to the road/pavement is a
debris layer, containing mixed materials: stone objects (a funerary cone - PI. III/13;
XI/13; a fragment of uncertain function, decorated with vegetal motifs - PI. III/16;
XI/14), building materials (iron nails - PI. III/4-8; XI/5, tiles, pavement pieces),
coins (PI. XI/1, 3-5), various bronze, glass (PI. III/l 1-12) or bone objects (PI. III/1-3;
XI/6-8), potshards (PI. III/14; IV/2-9,11-13,15-18, 20; V/l-2, 5, 7-8,10-20, 22-28;
VI/1-6, 9-11, 13-15, 17-18; VII/1-25; VIII/1-20; XII/2, 4-6, 8-9, 11-17, 19) and
animal bones. The layers in this phase are the only ones disturbed by subsequent medi-
eval and modern insertions (PI. II/l), so that Roman materials identified in the upper
layers (potshards - PI. IV/1,10, 14, 19; V/3, 6, 9, 21, 29; VI/7-8, 12, 16; bronze items
- PI. III/9, 17; XI/11-12, 15; bone - PI. III/10, 15; XI/9-10; XII/1, 3, 7, 10, 18) most
likely belonged to the second Roman layer.
1 Alicu et alii 2009, 285-287; Antal, Pupeză 2010, 67-85; Pupeză 2011, 223-240.
2 The presentation of the Roman layers of the site is made according to their emergence order
(chronologically, from the most recent to the earliest).
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
85
Coins
Four coins that belonged to this layer were identified3: a strongly corroded
bronze coin dated under Hadrian (catalogue no. 1, PI. XI/5 a-b) and two silver coins,
one issued under Septimus Severus (catalogue no. 3, PI. XI/4 a-b) and one under
Elagabalus (catalogue no. 4, PI. XI/1 a-b). Another silver coin, issued still under
Septimius Severus (catalogue no. 2, PI. XI/3a-b) and discovered in the upper medieval
layer, most likely belonged to this layer as well.
1.	HADRIAN; Denomination: as; Axis: 6; D: 26.1 x 23.3 mm; W: 7.848 gr.; Mint: Rome;
Dating: AD 125-134; Obv.: HADRIANVS - AVGVSTVS, bust draped, laureate, right; Rv.:
SALVS - AVGVSTI COS III, Salus standing left, feeding snake coiled round altar and holding
sceptre; RIC II, 427, no. 678; MNIT; inv. no. NIR 10441 (PI. XI/5 a-b).
2.	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS: Caracalla (Augustus); Denomination: denarius, frag-
mentary, burnt; Axis: 12; D: 19 mm; W: 1.832 gr.; Mint: Rome; Dating: AD 199-200; Obv.:
ANTONIN[us] AVGVSTVS, bust draped, right; Rv.: SAL GEN HVM, Salus standing left
raising kneeling figure and holding serpent-wreathed sceptre; RIC IVI, 218, no. 42 (c); MNIT;
inv. no. NIR 10442 (PI. XI/3 a-b).
3.	SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS: Caracalla (Augustus); Denomination: denarius; Axis: 6;
D: 19 mm; W: 2.926 gr.; Mint: Rome; Dating: AD 206-210, Obv.: ANTONONINVS PIVS
AVG, head laureate, right; Rv.: LIBERALITAS AVG VI, Liberalitas standing left, holding
abacus and comucopiae\ RIC IVI, 235, no. 158; MNIT; inv. no. NIR 10443 (PI. XI/4 a-b).
4.	ELAGABLUS: Julia Paula; Denomination: denarius; Axis: 12; D: 19 mm; W: 2.957 gr.;
Mint: Rome; Dating: AD 218-219; Obv.: IVLIA PAVLA AVG, bust draped, right; Rv.:
CONCORDIA, Concordia seated left, holding patera^ RIC IV.2, 45, no. 211; MNIT;
inv. no. NIR 10444 (PI. XI/1 a-b).
Terra sigilatta^
Despite the relatively high quantity of discovered potshards, only two are of terra
sigilatta5 type and both were identified in the second Roman layer.
1.	Bowl Drag. 37 type; body fragment; 4x3 cm; fine, hard red-brown fabric (Munsell 10R,
5/6), with limestone, silver and red-brown iron-rich grains inclusions; dark red slip, smooth and
lustrous (Munsell 10R, 3/6).
The decorative motifs seem to have been placed in medallions, of which, due to the
much reduced sizes of the fragment, only a small portion of one of them was preserved, inside
which appears a decoration, possibly anthropomorphic or zoomorphic (?) barely identifiable.
According to the fabric and slip, the discussed fragment may be assigned to the workshops at
Lezoux, in Central Gaul, however the artisan is impossible to specify. Dating: starting with the
Antonine period; MNIT; inv. no. V. 59362 (PI. IV/2; XII/4).
2.	Bowl Drag. 37 type; rim fragment; 6.6 x 6.5 cm; fine reddish yellow fabric (Munsell
5YR, 7/8), with limestone and silver mica inclusions; smooth and light lustrous slip (Munsell
5YR, 7/6). Decoration: peculiar ovolos, the inside divided into four by two perpendicular lines,
3 The coins were determined by C. Găzdac, whom we thank this way as well.
+ The catalogue of the pottery material comprises the following description elements: vessel shape/
type, state of conservation, sizes, fabric type and slip, decoration, workshop, dating, analogies, storage,
inventory number and plate.
5	Determination of the terra sigilatta fragments was made by V. Rusu-Bolindeț, to whom we express
our thanks in this way as well.
86
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
with coiled tongues; the decorative seem to have been placed in medallions and panels, of which
a fragmentary medallion was preserved, delimited by two concentric circles. A bull head is dis-
played inside, full-faced (possibly O 1891 A); two four-petalled rosettes were placed on either
side of the preserved medallion.
In terms of the assignment of the production centre making the analysed terra sigillata
fragment, both the peculiar ovolos type as well as the partially preserved decorative motif might
belong to artisan PACATVS from Aquincum6, who was active starting with Hadrian’s reign,
reaching maximum development under the Antonines and ceasing activity by the end of the
2nd century AD7; dating: based on the workshop and the archaeological context - end of the
2nd century AD; MNIT; inv. no. 59 963 (PI. IV/12, XII/14).
In the event that the analysed terra sigillata fragment belongs beyond any doubt
to Pacatus’s workshops, its discovery represents a unique fact with regards to terra sigil-
lata imports at Napoca, such products being novei to the mentioned site insofar8. In
fact, Pannonian Samian ware were recorded rather scarce at province scale9, which is
due to both the state of research of the imported terra sigillata in Dacia as well as the
publishing of the site monographs, supposed to publicize novei archaeological materials.
Stamped pottery
Among the identified potshards, 19 come from wares decorated by stamping10.
Noticeably, fragments exhibiting stamped decoration were discovered only in this
Roman layer and not also in the earlier layer.
1.	Bowl (?); wall fragment; L = 3.8 cm, 1 = 1.9 cm; fine fabric, orange, with mica in
composition; red-orange slip, slightly glossy on the outside; stamped decoration, incompletely
preserved, representing a rounded-type leaf; MNIT inv. no. V. 59971 (PI. IV/1).
2.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 or 37 type, terra nigra imitation; wall fragment, slightly curved;
L = 3.5 cm, 1 = 2.6 cm; fine fabric, dark grey, with graphite and mica in composition; dark grey
6	F. Oswald mentions this Pannonian workshop when including the decorative motif (the full-faced bull
head) in the repertoire of figured decoration on terra sigillata (Oswald 1936-1937, 122, PI. LXXVI, 1891
A). It appeared on a Drag. 37 mould assigned to PACATVS - Kuszinski 1932,166-167, Fig. 142; 191-192,
Fig. 171; PI. XI/20-21; XVII/14. The way of representation of the bull head on the mould fragment at
Aquincum mentioned by F. Oswald is different though from the specimen we analysed (the medallions are
suggested by wine spindles, exhibiting inside the figured decorative motifs - birds and animals), yet the
division into medallions of the decorative panels is found with the same artisan workshop on moulds or
terra sigillata wares - see Kuszinski 1932, PI. XII/3a-b; XIII/3 e.
7	Zsidi 2009, 59-61; for the illustration of the pottery variety made in Pacatus’s workshops see Zsidi
2009, 130-134 (the Hungarian version), 208-210 (the abridged translation into English), catalogue
nos. 558-612, terra sigillata moulds are catalogued between nos. 590-603.
8	Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 156,170.
9	Isac 1985, 46-47, catalogue nos. 443-456, PI. 48. Respective products do not come from Pannonian
workshops, but rather from those at Viminacium-Margum, in Moesia Superior (see the accurate
identification made by L. Bjelajac, based on archaeological research and the specific pottery material -
Bjelajac 1990, 143-172) deemed in the specialty literature as produced in the Siscia workshops (or Siscia-
Margum). Same circumstances are also noted in what the import terra sigillata identified in Oltenia are
concerned - see Popilian 1973, 188-189, 208, 210, catalogue nos. 155-169, PI. X; Popilian, Ciucă 1988;
Popilian, Ciucă 1993, 32, 42, catalogue no. 64, PI. IV/64 etc.
10	The catalogue composition was based on the information ordering system used by V. Rusu-Bolindeț
(Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 57-67). We also introduced in the catalogue two roulleting-decorated potshards,
preserving the description system as well.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
87
slip, glossy, on both sides; stamped decorated, incompletely preserved, composed of three ele-
ments: a. rosette floral motif, with petals in outward circular arc, placed around a circle, with
small central button; b. Fragmentary leaf, well delimited, likely oval, with bilobate lower part,
three buttons in relief, veins being made by double lines; c. Circular arc opened downward,
placed below the other motifs; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59966 (PI. IV/3; XII/1).
3.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 or 37 type; wall fragment, slightly curved; L = 4.3 cm, 1 = 2.1 cm;
semi-fine fabric, pink-orange, with mica in composition; orange slip, glossy to the outside;
stamped decoration, incompletely preserved, composed of at least three elements: a. planta
pedis. composed of two elements, well delimited, inside exhibiting five, respectively three but-
tons; b. Nine-petal rosette formed of unequal rectangles; c. Fragmentary leaf, likely oval-shaped,
outlined, petiole and veins made by double lines; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59961 (PI. IV/4; XII/6).
4.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 type; wall fragment from curve area; L = 5.4 cm, 1 = 3.2 cm; fine
fabric, pink-orange, with mica in composition; orange-red slip, glossy, on both sides; incised
line in curve area; stamped decoration preserved incompletely, composed of at least two ele-
ments: a. stylised leafs, placed vertically, well delimited, made by oblique lines; b. rosette/floral
motif placed in-between the stylised leafs, with four semi-circular petals, each with central
button and crossed lines placed around a button in relief; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59964 (PL IV/5).
5.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 type; wall fragment, from rim part; L = 3.8 cm, 1 = 3.5 cm;
fine fabric, pink-orange, with calcite and mica in composition; red slip, glossy, on both sides;
stamped decoration, preserved incompletely, composed of at least two elements: a. circular arc,
downward opening; b. large rosette, with button on petals, placed in the circular arc opening;
MNIT, inv. no. V. 59960 (PL IV/6; XII/5).
6.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 type; wall fragment, from rim part; L = 5.2 cm, 1 = 2.7 cm; fine
fabric, orange, with mica in composition; orange-red slip, glossy, on both sides; stamped deco-
ration, preserved incompletely, composed of at least three elements: a. horizontal row of large
circular arcs, with downward opening; b. lunulae^ with downward opening, placed at the joint
ends of the large arcs; c. leaf, oval-shaped, well delimited, placed inside the large arcs opening;
MNIT, inv. no. V. 59958 (PL IV/7; XII/8).
7.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 type; wall fragment; L = 5.1 cm, 1 = 4.9 cm; light grey fab-
ric, semi fine, with organic material, graphite and mica in composition; dark grey to black
slip, on the outside; stamped decoration, incompletely preserved, composed of two elements:
a. vertical lines, formed of unequal rectangles; b. stylised “mushroom” representations; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 59953 (PL IV/8; XII/17).
8.	Bowl, likely Drag. 37 type, slightly reverted walls; wall fragment; L = 4.2 cm, 1 = 3.4 cm;
fine fabric, pink-orange, with mica in composition; orange slip, glossy, to the outside; stamped
decoration, preserved incompletely, composed of at least two elements: a. rosette, fragmen-
tarily preserved, in the upper part of the wall fragment; b. slightly sharp leafs, tip down, well
delimited, veins rendered by oblique lines placed below the rosette; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59957
(PL IV/9; XII/2).
9.	Bowl (?); wall fragment; L = 4.2 cm, 1 = 3.1 cm; fine fabric, with mica in composi-
tion; red-brownish slip, slightly glossy, both inside and outside; stamped decoration, preserved
incompletely, composed of at least two elements: a. rounded tip leafs, well delimited; b. semi-
circles or simple circles placed below the leafs; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59974 (PL IV/10; XII/3).
10.	Bowl, likely Drag. 37 type; wall fragment, strongly curved; L = 5.4 cm, 1 = 5.2 cm;
semi fine fabric, pink-orange, with organic material and mica in composition; red-orange slip,
slightly glossy, on the outside; stamped decoration, preserved incompletely, composed of at
least three elements: a. circular arcs, upward, downward or rightward opening; they could be
incompletely preserved circles; b. oblique lines, placed inside the arcs’ openings, or vertical,
placed in-between the arcs made of unequal rectangles; c. seven-petal rosettes placed in the arcs’
openings (inside the circles); MNIT, inv. no. V. 59959 (PL IV/11; XII/13).
88
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
11.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 or 37 type; wall fragment; L = 4.6 cm, 1 = 4.5 cm; semi fine
fabric, pink-orange, with calcite, organic material and mica in composition; orange slip, pre-
served partially on the outside; stamped decoration, incompletely preserved, composed of four
elements: a. circular arcs with downward opening; b. vertical row of floral motifs, circularly-
shaped, likely six-petalled, each with a dot in relief inside; c. double leafs, extended in shape,
opposing tips, veins and petiole rendered by double lines and a circular space in-between the
two; d. line, likely horizontal, placed below the double leaf, composed of unequal rectangles;
MNIT, inv. no. V. 59954 (PI. IV/13; XII/12).
12.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 or 37 type, with slightly reverted rim; rim and wall fragment;
db = 13 cm; fine fabric, orange, with mica in composition; red, glossy slip, on both sides;
stamped decoration, incompletely preserved, composed of at least three elements: a. circular
arcs with upward opening, placed in a horizontal row below a groove; b. small-sized rosettes,
with seven petals; c. circular arcs with downward opening, placed below the rosette; MNIT,
inv. no. V. 59970 (PI. IV/14; XII/10).
13.	Bowl Drag. 30 type, terra nigra copy, with slightly reverted rim and short neck; rim
and wall fragment; db = 14 cm; black fabric, fine, with organic remains and mica in compo-
sition; black slip, slightly glossy, on both sides; incised lines, placed below the rim; stamped
decoration, incompletely preserved, composed of three elements: a. horizontal row formed of
circular arcs with downwards opening, ends joined; b. human heads, looking left, framed in
an oval, placed in the arcs’ openings; c. motifs in the “S”-letter shape, preserved fragmentarily,
placed by the arcs’ ends; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59952 (PI. IV/15; XII/15).
14.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 or 37 type; wall fragment; L = 7.1 cm, 1 = 5.8 cm; fine pink-orange
fabric, with organic material, calcite and mica in composition; orange slip, slightly glossy, to
the outside; stamped decoration, incompletely preserved, composed of three elements: a. row of
four rosettes, likely with six petals each, placed vertically; b. “S”- letter shaped motif made of
unequal rectangles; c. row of three trilobate leafs, with individualised lobes, slightly arched ends,
well delimited and veins rendered by oblique lines; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59965 (PI. IV/16; XII/16).
15.	Bowl, likely Drag. 30 or 37 type, with rounded rim; rim and wall fragment; L = 3.4 cm,
1 = 3.2 cm; fine fabric, brownish, of orange hue and mica in composition; dark orange slip, glossy,
on the outside; incised line under the rim; stamped decoration, preserved incompletely, com-
posed of a horizontal row formed of circular arcs with downward opening; MNIT, inv. no. V.
59956 (PL IV/17; XII/11).
16.	Bowl Drag. 37 type, with rounded rim; rim and wall fragment; db = 12 cm; incised
line below the rim; fine fabric, orange, with crushed potshards and mica in composition;
pink-orange slip, slightly glossy, on the outside; stamped decoration, preserved incompletely,
composed of two elements: a. oblique lines to the left and, likely, to the right, made by unequal
rectangles; b. Rosette placed by the ends of the joint lines, with buttons arranged circularly
inside; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59955 (PI. IV/18; XII/9).
17.	Bowl Drag. 37 type; rim and wall fragments; Db = 20.5 cm; fine, orange fabric, with
mica in composition; red, glossy slip, on both sides; roulette-made decoration, on the globular
part of the wall, in the shape of oblique, parallel rows of small-sized lines; two incised lines are
placed horizontally, also in the globular part of the wall MNIT, inv. no. V 59972 (PI. IV/19;
XII/18).
18.	Bowl/terrine with globular body; wall fragment and base; Dr = 10 cm; fine, pink-
orange fabric, with calcite, organic material and mica in composition; orange slip, glossy, to
the outside; incised line, below the stamped decoration; ring-shaped base; stamped decoration,
preserved incompletely, composed of at least two elements: a. circular arcs with upward open-
ing; b. circular arcs with downward opening; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59967 (PI. IV/20; XII/19).
19.	Bowl/dish (?); fragment from the ring-shaped base area; Dr = 12 cm; brownish-
orange fabric, with mica in composition; red slip, slightly glossy, on the inside; roulette-made
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
89
decoration, on the inner side of the vessel in the shape of circular rows placed concentrically, of
small-sized lines; MNIT, inv. no. V. 59973 (PI. XII/7).
Among pottery finds from the culture layer, stamped fragments are in few
percentages, approximately 1%. In what firing is concerned, 16 of the fragments are
oxidised in various red and orange hues and only three were fired in a reducing atmo-
sphere, grey or blackish. The 84% oxidising firing percentage is close to the overall
percentage of the finds at Napoca, ca. 77%, circumstances being similar to the rest
of the sites in Dacia11, except for the centre at Porolissum, where reduction firing
predominates12.
Of the vessel shapes, few could be typologically framed with precision, given
their fragmentary state. Most frequent among the stamped pottery finds at Napoca
appear the bowls, dishes and terrines. Typologically, vessels with stamped decoration at
Napoca were used especially as tableware13. Fragments discovered in the Art Museum
courtyard frame this general statistics. Most of the fragments come from variously
sized bowls, copying especially Drag. 30 and 37 forms. The two bowl types, together
with their derived shapes, are mainly used in the workshop at Napoca starting with
the second half of the 2,ld century AD until mid 3rd century AD14. The uniformity of
the stamped wares production, both typologically and decoratively, is a phenomenon
found at the scale of the whole Empire, visibly once with early 3rd century AD15. It is
not excluded that one fragment comes from a dish and the other from a terrine, forms
rarely found in the repertoire of stamped pottery from Dacia16.
In what decorative motifs are concerned, some of them are specific to the work-
shop at Napoca, however most are frequently found among the stamped pottery in
the province. Human head - shaped motifs (PI. IV/15; XII/15) appear in another six
representations at Napoca17, but also at Porolissum18 or Gherla19, however in smaller
numbers. The inspiration source might be common20, yet the representation means,
at least in these three cases above, are a most obvious differentiation. At Porolissum,
on a bowl, human heads are of relatively large sizes, associated with “S”-letter shaped
motifs, while on a terrine they are reduced in size, only sketched, without too much
care for details21. The last situation is also found at Gherla22. On the vessels at Napoca,
11 Ratios are varied, yet generally, oxidised vessels are highly predominant. For instance, at Cristești,
92% of the stamped decoration wares are oxidised (Man 1999, 146-153), and at Potaissa - 81% (Cătinaș
1984, 481).
12 Filip 2008, 103. In 87% of the cases, wares were fired in reducing atmosphere, circumstances entirely
reversed compared to the rest of the finds in Dacia. The proper situation is related to the massive export
of stamped pottery from Porolissum to the Barbaricum.
13 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 251.
14 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 252-253, 260-261.
15 Filip 2008, 106, with references. In Britannia or Panonnia, type copying Drag. 37 are also the most
frequent in the repertoire of the stamped pottery of the 3r<l century AD.
16 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 251.
17 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 259, 293.
18 Filip 2008, 348, 387.
19 Rusu-Bolindeț 1999, 781.
20 Oswald 1936-1937, 88-91, PI. LVIII-LIX.
21 Filip 2008, 348, 387, PI. LXII/399; CI /541.
22 Rusu-Bolindeț 1999, 781, PI. VI/15.
90
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
including that identified in the courtyard of the Art Museum, human heads are ren-
dered almost realistically, with well delimited facial features and hair, part of an
intricate decoration composed of several decorative motifs23.
The rest of the decorative motifs on the pottery identified in the courtyard of the
Art Museum may be assigned with difficulty to one or another workshops. Circular
arcs with rosettes inside also appear at Cășei24, Cristești23, Gherla26 or Porolissum27.
The association of stylised leafs and “S”-letter shaped motifs was also identified on the
pottery at Cășei28, Gherla29, Potaissa30 or Porolissum31. Moreover, lunulae appear at
Cristești32, Gilău33, Gherla34 or Porolissum35, while stylised leafs, sharp or rounded are
found in all sites where one product was identified or where only stamped pottery was
identified. Rare among finds are the representations of stylised leafs, similar to wheat
ears or planta pedis56, displayed by the vessels at Potaissa37 or Porolissum38.
The rosette or the extremely elaborate floral motif on the bowl fragment terra
nigra (PI. IV/3; XII/1) copy does not appear among the motifs in Dacia. The adjoin-
ing motif, the bilobate leaf in the lower part also appears at Napoca, as well on bowls
copying terra nigra59, but also at Gilău40, beside simpler rosettes, without circular arcs.
The motif in the shape of a stylised “mushroom” (PI. IV/8; XII/17) does not seem to be
too much spread outside the town at Napoca, stamped still on bowls fired in a reduc-
ing atmosphere41.
As general features, one may note that forms identified in the Art Museum court-
yard site, similarly to those known in the entire provincial world, do not preserve the
standard sizes of the copied terra sigillata wares. Furthermore, the stamped motifs are
not specific to only one vessel type, even though it copies the original, being found on
a broader variety of vessels. For instance, the human head bowl at Porolissum copies
the Drag. 30 form, similarly to the fragment discovered in the Art Museum courtyard,
both being made of reduction fired fabric compared to the fragments at Gherla, likely
copying the same shape, which are oxidised and another two fragments from Napoca,
which seem to copy Drag. 37 forms, being brownish-orange or grey in colour. In addi-
tion, the chronological framing of these fragments is different.
23 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 259, 293, no. 299, PI. LIX.
24 Isac 2001, PI. XV.
25 Man 1999, 147, PI. II.
26 Rusu-Bolindeț 1999, 785, PI. XIII.
27 Filip 2008, 436, PI. CL.
28 Isac 2001, PI. XIV.
29 Rusu-Bolindeț 1999, 784, PI. XII.
30 Cătinaș 1984, 483, Fig. 6.
31 Filip 2008, 438, PI. CLII.
32 Man 1999, PI. 1/2; III/10,13; IV/15; VIII/45.
33 Isac 2001, PI. IV/32; VII/57; XVIII/m.
34 Rusu-Bolindeț 1999, PI. XIII/46.
35 Filip 2008, 398, PI. CXII (663).
36 The motif also appears on other finds at Napoca (Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 266, PI. LXXI).
37 Cătinaș 1982, no. 100, PI. VI.	’
38 Filip 2008, 245, PI. CXCIV.
39 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 293, no. 298, PI. LIX; 298, no. 323, PI. LXII.
40 Isac 2001, PI. II, no. 15.
41 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 297, no. 322, PI. LXII.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
91
Common ware
Most potshards come from common wares made of fine or semi-fine fabric, with
mica schist, sand or crushed potshards as degreasers. They are wheel-thrown, the major-
ity are oxidised, in various red hues42. Most of the fine fabric fragments came from
various bowl and terrine types (PI. VI/1-18), one-handle cups or two-handled small
amphorae, with round rim, occasionally grooved (PI. V/l-12). A few lid fragments
were also made of good-quality fabric (PI. V/13). Simple pots, of semi-fine fabric, had
globular body, rounded either everted or inverted rim decorated with alveoli or grooves,
flat or ring base, some being provided with handles (PI. V/16-29). Some coarse fabric
fragments came from turibulum type vessels, from which either the foot or the upper
part survived (PI. V/14-15). Very few coarse fabric potshards were hand-made.
Chronology
Given the discovered coins and also some of the motifs on the stamped pottery,
the second Roman layer in the Art Museum courtyard may be most likely dated in the
period Septimius Severus - Severus Alexander (end of the 2nd century AD - first half
of the 3rd century AD).
III.	The first Roman layer
The earliest Roman layer was identified especially in the northern part of the
trench, in the form of a consistent reddish burning layer (PI. II/2). Evidently, this was
a burned building, the fire being extensive. The pebble and sand layer below the burn-
ing level exhibits locally a close to vitrifying appearance and most of the pottery there
is strongly secondarily fired.
To the same layer belong numerous common ware shards (PI. VII/1 -25; VIII/1-20),
animal bones, iron and bronze objects, a significant quantity of bronze slag as well as
a massive bronze coin (PI. XI/2 a-b).
ANTONINUS PIUS: Faustina II; Denomination: sestertius; Axis: 12; D: 30 mm;
W: 19.494 gr.; Mint: Rome; Dating: AD 145-150; Av.: [faustina]E AVG [pii] AVG F[il], bust
draped, right; Rv.: [ven]VS S C, Venus standing left, holding apple and rudder, round which
dolphin is coiled; RIC III, 193, no. 1388 (c); MNIT; inv. no. NIR 10445 (PI. XI/2 a-b).
Ware types from where fragments belonged to do not differ much from those dis-
covered in the second Roman layer. Bowls and terrines of various types (PI. VIII/1, 3-7,
9-18, 20), plates and dishes (PI. VIII/2, 8, 19), cups and small amphorae (PI. VII/1-9)
as well, were made of fine fabric. Plain pots made of semi-fine fabric, with globular
body and flat or ring base are not missing either (PI. VII/10-25).
Concerning the chronology of this layer, only a few remarks can be made. The
burning layer, supposedly coming from a building, overlaps two levelling layers. Few
42 Given the large number of potshards and the reduced space for this study, the presentation of
common wares was made without a catalogue of finds, which shall be published once with the issue of the
site monograph.
92
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
Roman materials were identified there and it cannot be said whether such level-
ling was made on a previously uninhabited layer or a possible previous inhabitancy
layer was levelled. Therefore, it cannot be stated with accuracy whether the earliest
Roman layer identified in the Art Museum courtyard is also the earliest Roman layer
of the town at Napoca, from early 2nd century AD, or that it dates to the mid or end
of the 2nd century AD.
IV.	Conclusions
Concerning the first Roman layer identified in the Art Museum courtyard, few
conclusions may be drawn, as it was identified over a relatively small surface. The
presence of a significant quantity of bronze slag in the burning layer suggests that a
workshop was operating there. Evidence on other economic activities (scrap, kilns)
was not found, the majority of the material identified there being pottery. Subsequent
to the extensive fire, no other building was erected there, the land being levelled in
order to build a road or stone slab pavement.
The second Roman layer identified in the Art Museum courtyard was likely also
the last inhabitancy layer of the town at Napoca. It is not a burning layer indicative
of a violent end, but rather a debris layer. A dark earth layer, without archaeological
material (PI. II/2) appears locally between this Roman layer and the earliest medieval
layer, which may suggest that inhabitancy was discontinued after this last Roman layer
identified.
Important evidence on continued inhabitancy of an urban site is represented
by the Roman Street grid overlapping by that medieval43. If Roman towns had disap-
peared prior the emergence of those medieval, the Street grid would have not preserved
the same routes, being most likely covered by vegetation. When a society changes,
inhabitancy itself also changes, accidental continuity being almost excluded44. Most
numerous examples of the kind come from Italy, where several medieval towns pre-
serve the Roman Street grid, some almost entirely45; other such examples some from
Great Britain, France, Spain or Germany. In these towns of certain inhabitancy conti-
nuity, black earth was found to have been deposited between the Roman and medieval
periods, which originally led to the conclusion that inhabitancy there was abandoned
by the end of the Roman Empire. Subsequently, it was noted that such earth layer no
longer appeared inside dwelling structures, thus proving reduced rather than disap-
peared inhabitancy46.
Beside the Street grid, fortifications represent the other topographical example
of continuity. Compared to the preserved Street grid or buildings, the use of Roman
fortifications did not necessarily imply continued inhabitancy. This is the case of most
Roman fortifications reused by early medieval towns. The Roman town ceased to be
a centre of urban life in the Middle Ages, functioning as a place of defence. For this
43 Ward-Perkins 1984, 179.
44 Banks 1984, 629.
45 Ward-Perkins 1988, 18.
46 Ward-Perkins 1988, 18, with references.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
93
reason, the Street grid did not preserve, except for the main roads joining the gates
and possibly the route of the patrol roads47.
The situation of some of the urban centres in Dacia after the withdrawal of
the Roman administration is integral part to this phenomenon of Roman urban life
change to that medieval48. Based on the data provided by the archaeological excava-
tions, it was concluded that Roman Napoca had a rectangular-shaped enclosure and
an orthogonal Street grid49 (PI. 1/1). The fortified enclosure of the Roman town was
archaeologically identified on three sides, those in the west and north being overlapped
by the medieval fortification. The first fortified medieval enclosure, Castrum Clusium.,
seems to have occupied the north-west corner of the Roman town50, subsequently the
enclosure being extended, exceeding the limits of the ancient settlement. When exam-
ining the map location of the streets, one may easily suppose that a cardo maximus
was in existence along Ferdinand Street and then in Unirii Square in front of Bânffy
Palace. The route of decumanus maximus was likely along 21 Decembrie Boulevard
and Memorandumului Street. The importance of these Street directions is obvious in
the Middle Ages, the two important access roads, Hid utcza and Belso Monostor utcza,
following precisely these routes51.
The stone slabs identified in the second Roman layer from the Art Museum court-
yard are approximately N-S oriented, being parallel to the supposed cardo maximus
along Ferdinand Street. The slabs might come from one of the smaller streets of the
town, a simple cardo., located east of cardo maximus. The direction of this Street was
no longer preserved in the Middle Ages. As evidenced by the stratigraphic sequence
identified in the Art Museum courtyard, the possible Roman road was overlapped by
medieval houses, two stone walls of a cellar being found above the stone slabs.
A dark earth layer was discovered between the Roman and medieval inhabitancy
as early as the first excavations carried out at Cluj-Napoca52. The finds in the Art
Museum courtyard should be corroborated with those similar performed in recent
years in order to determine how much of the Street grid of the Roman town was pre-
served in the succeeding medieval town. Concurrently, it could be thus established
with certainty whether only the main roads joining the gates survived, meaning that
only the fortification was used in the Middle Ages, or if certain insulae were still main-
tained in use, which would be indicative of proper urban life.
Finds are promising for a single excavation campaign covering only 10% of the
inner courtyard of the Art Museum, which makes us hope that future research would
bring to light a richer material, as one would expect from a central area of a Roman
town.
47 Janssen 1988, 50; Russo 1998, with all references on the phenomenon.
48 Pupeză 2010, 701-712; Pupeză 2011, 221-238.
49 Daicoviciu 1974, 25-49; RepCluj, 118-154, Fig. 69.
50 Lukacs 2005, 28-32, with references.
51 Pupeză 2011, 229.
52 Meri 1986, 12, Kep 5-7.
94
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
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Alicu et alii 2009	D. Alicu, A. Isac, P. Pupeză, B. Gergely, Cluj - Napoca, punct: Muzeul de Artă, CCA. Campania 2008, București 2009, 285-287, no. 140.
Antal, Pupeză 2010	A. Antal, P. Pupeză, Ceramica ștampilată de la Napoca. Descoperirile din curtea Muzeului de Arta. In: V. Rusu-Bolindeț, T. Sălăgean, R. Varga (eds.), Studia Archaeologica et Historica in honorem Magistri Dorin Alicu, Cluj-Napoca 2010, 67-85.
Banks 1984	P. Banks, The Roman inheritance and topographical transitions in early medieval Barcelona. In: T. F. C. Blagg, R. F. J. Jones, S. J. Keay (eds.), Papers in Iberian archaeology, BAR International series 193, Oxford 1984, 552-557.
Bjelajac 1990	L. Bjelajac, Terra sigillata u Gornjoj Meziji. Import i radionice Viminacium-Margum / Terra sigillata in Upper Moesia. Import and Viminacium-Margum Workshops, Beograd 1990.
Cătinaș 1982 Cătinaș 1984	A. Cătinaș, Ceramica romană de la Potaissa, Potaissa, II, 1982, 81-86. A. Cătinaș, Ceramica ștampilată de la Potaissa, ActaMN, XXI, 1984, 481-503.
Daicoviciu 1974	H. Daicoviciu, Napoca romană. In: Șt. Pascu (coord.), Istoria Clujului, Cluj-Napoca, 1974, 25-49.
Filip 2008	C. C. Filip, Ceramica ștampilată de la Porolissum. Serie Porolissum. Un complex arheologic daco-roman la marginea de nord a Imperiului Roman, voi. V, Cluj-Napoca 2008.
Isac 1985	D. Isac, Terra sigillata în Dacia romană, PhD mauscript, Cluj- Napoca, 1985.
Isac 2001	D. Isac, The origin and significance of the stampedpottery in Northern Dacia: material from the Roman forts of Gilău and Cășei. In: D. Isac, Viața cotidiană în castrele Daciei Porolissensis, Cluj-Napoca 2001, 130-154.
Janssen 1988	W. Janssen, The rebirth of toums in the Rhineland. In: R. Hodges, B. Hobbley (eds.), The rebirth of towns in the west AD 700-1050, London 1988, 47-51.
Kuszinski 1932	B. Kuszinski, A gâzgyări romai fazekastelep Aquincumban (Das grosse romische Topferviertel in Aquincum bei Budapest), Budapest Regisegei 11, Budapest 1932.
Lukacs 2005	J. Lukacs, Povestea orașului-comoară. Scurtă istorie a Clujului și a monumentelor sale, Cluj-Napoca 2005.
Man 1999	N. Man, Considerații privind ceramica ștampilată din așezarea romană de la Cristești (jud. Mureș). In: D. Protase, D. Brudașcu (eds.), Napoca. 1800 de ani de la începutul vieții urbane, Cluj-Napoca 1999, 143-165.	’
Meri 1986	I. Meri, Âsatâs a kolozsvâri fo teren, 1943. Meri Istvân hagya- tekâbol kdzzetette Kovalovszki Julia, A Magyar Nemzeti Miîzeum Adattârânak Kdzlemenyei 1, Budapest 1986.
Oswald 1936-1937	F. Oswald, Index of Figure-Types on Terra Sigillata, London 1936-1937.
Popilian 1973	Gh. Popilian, La ceramique sigillee d’importation decouverte en Oltenie, Dacia N. S., XVII, 1973,179-216.
Popilian, Ciucă 1988	Gh. Popilian, I. Ciucă, Nouvelles informations sur l’importation de terra sigillata en Dacie meridionale, Dacia N. S., XXXII, 1988, 1-2, 61-79.
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Popilian, Ciucă 1993
Pupeză 2010
Pupeză 2011
Russo 1998
Rusu-Bolindet 1999
Rusu-Bolindet 2007
Ward-Perkins 1984
Ward-Perkins 1988
Zsidi 2009
Gh. Popilian, I. Ciucă, Ceramica de tip terra sigillata de import desco-
perită la Enoșești-Acidava (jud. Olt), A O, 8, 1993, 29-42.
P Pupeză, Arheologia urbană în România. De la orașul antic la orașul
contemporan. In: H. Pop et alii (eds.), Identități culturale locale și
regionale în context european. In memoriam Alexandru V. Matei,
Zalău 2010, 701-712.
P. Pupeză, Urban archaeology in Cluj'-Napoca. The jtndings from
the Art Museum’ courtyard, ActaMN, 45-46/1, 2008-2009 (2011),
223-240.
D. G. Russo, Town Origins and Development in Early England,
c.400-950 A.D., London 1998.
V.	Rusu-Bolindeț, Stamped Pottery from the Roman Fort at Gherla.
In: N. Gudea (ed.), Roman frontier studies: proceedings of the XVIIlh
International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, Zalău 1999,
777-805.
V.	Rusu-Bolindeț, Ceramica romană de la Napoca. Contribuții la
studiul ceramicii din Dacia romană, Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis
XXV, Cluj-Napoca 2007.
B.	Ward-Perkins, From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages:
urban public building in northern and central Italy, Oxford 1984.
B. Ward-Perkins, The toums of northern Italy: rebirth or renewal? In:
R. Hodges, B. Hobbley (eds.), The rebirth of towns in the west AD
700-1050, London 1988,16-27.
P. Zsidi, Aquincum legnagyobb fazekasmuhelye/Aquincum’s largest
pottery workshop. In: Aquincumi lâtvânyraktâr. A BTM Aquincumi
Miizeumânak âllando kiâllitâsa / Visual store at Aquincum.
Permanent exhibition of the Aquincum museum, Budapest 2009,
59-61.
Adriana Antal
“Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca
adrianna.antal@yahoo.com
Luca-Paul Pupeză
National History Museum of Transylvanian, Cluj-Napoca
paulpupeza@yahoo.com
96
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
PI. L The site: 1. Cluj-Napoca - central area (Napoca s fortification after RepCluj, 125,
Fig. 69). 2. The Art Museum (Bânffy Palace) - plan (after Releveu Arhitectural - plan
parter macle by Utilitas SRL, Cluj-Napoca).
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
97
2
PI. II. Trench SI: 1. Plan; 2. Eastern profile.
98
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
PI. III. Artifacts discovered in the second Roman layer: 1-3,10, 15. Bones; 4-8. Iron
objects; 8, 17. Bronze artifacts; 11-12. Glass; 14. Pottery; 13, 16. Stone objects.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
99
PI. IV. 1, 10, 14, 19. Roman pottery discovered in the medieval layers; 2-9, 11-13, 15-
18, 20. Pottery discovered in the second Roman layer.
100
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
PI. V. 3-4, 6, 9, 21, 29. Roman pottery discovered in the medieval layers;
1-2, 5, 7-8, 10-20. Pottery discovered in the second Roman layer.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
101
PI. VI. 7-8, 12,16. Roman pottery discovered in the medieval layers; 1-6, 9-11, 13-15,
17, 18. Pottery discovered in the second Roman layer.
102
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
PL VIL 1-25. Pottery discovered in the first Roman layer.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
103
PI. VIII. 1-20. Pottery in the first Roman layer.
104
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
2
PI. IX. Section SI: 1. Southern view. 2. Northern view.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
105
3
PI. X. The second Roman layer: 1-3. Road/stone pavement.
106
Adriana Antal, Luca-Paul Pupeză
PI. XI. 3, 9-12,15. Roman finds in the medieval layers; 1, 2,4-8,13,14. Roman artifacts
discovered in the second Roman layer.
Roman finds in the Art Museum Courtyard
107
PL XII. 3, 7, 10, 18. Roman pottery in the medieval layers; 1-2, 4-6, 8, 9, 11-17, 19.
Roman artifacts discovered in the second Roman layer.

Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 109-124
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
ON 21 DECEMBRIE 1989 BOULEVARD NO. 5
FROM CLUJ-NAPOCA
CARMEN CIONGRADI, VALENTIN VOIȘIAN, EMILIAN BOTA
7	1	7
Abstract: Rescue archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5 from
Cluj-Napoca was carried out in occasion of the development works for “Sora” shopping center.
The area is located nearby the eastern town of the Roman city. Due to medieval and modern
interferences, stratigraphy was largely destroyed. The research revealed only the first three
Roman levels. We discovered two kilns of a metal processing workshop. A bronze mould of
good artistic quality depicting Hercules with the club in the right hand and the Nemean lion
skin in the left hand as well as an unfinished statuette of Jupiter come from there.
Keywords: kiln; slag; workshop; Hercules; statuette; Roman period.
Rezumat: Săpăturile arheologice de salvare de pe Bulevardul 21 Decembrie 1989 nr. 5
din Cluj-Napoca au fost ocazionate de extinderea magazinului „Sora”. Zona este situată în ime-
diata apropiere a zidului de est al orașului roman. Datorită intervențiilor medievale și moderne,
stratigrafia a fost distrusă în mare parte. In urma cercetărilor au fost identificate doar primele
trei niveluri romane. S-au descoperit două cuptoare aparținând unui atelier de prelucrare a
metalelor. De la acesta provine o matriță de bronz de bună calitate artistică, reprezentându-1 pe
Hercules cu ghioaga în mâna dreaptă și cu blana leului din Nemeea în mâna stângă, precum și
o statuetă a lui Jupiter în curs de prelucrare.
Cuvinte cheie: cuptor; zgură; atelier; Hercules; statuetă; epoca romană.
In August 2002, in occasion of the westward development works of “Sora” shop-
ping center (PI. I*; 1/1), we were informed that archaeological remains had surfaced.
Respective area was strongly affected both during the modern period and by the civil
works carried out by the shopping center developer.
The Roman archaeological finds nearby this site are rather many, which is only
natural since they are most likely located inside the Roman town or in its immediate
vicinity1. On 21 Decembrie Boulevard (former Lenin), a 1.40 m wide and 2.00-
2.40 m deep ditch was dug in the 60’ies of the last century, resulting in the discovery
of the Roman level, emerging at -1.80-1.90 m deep. Among the Roman materials
unearthed then, we mention a lamp with three burners, stamped ATIMETI2. An
architectonic stela with attica and medallion3 was discovered when building works
were performed on 21 Decembrie Boulevard no. 6. On the same Boulevard, at
nos. 25-27 this time, four kilns4 were identified. Deemed originally baking ovens by
1 Voișian, Bota, Ciongradi 2000, 270.
2 Mitrofan 1964, 200.
3 Vlassa 1965, 36; Pop 1968, 484-485, Fig. 9; Țeposu-Marinescu 1982, 120, no. 71, Taf. VIII; Bianchi
1985, 275, no. 160, Tav. XXXII, Fig. 83.	’
4 RepCluj, 139; Ardevan 2001, 320-322.
110
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
the excavator, they were later published as pottery kilns5. It seems these kilns were
used though for refuse purposes6.
Still from the area comes a Dacian cup, which was found in the excavated earth
following the building works for the kindergarten by the junction of Dâvid Ferenc and
Brassai Sâmuel streets, behind Jânos Zsigmond High school (former Brassai Sâmuel)7.
Unfortunately, since news about the shopping center’s development works
reached us long after their initiation, until our arrival, large part of the surface had
been excavated. In certain areas, without archaeological supervision, excavations were
performed up to a depth of -2.50 m from the current surface. Hence, large part of the
surface was destroyed and we could only excavate five trenches on a 120 m2 surface
(PI. 1/2).
Trench SI (10.50 x 2.00 m) was oriented east-west (PI. II/l—2). Stratigraphy:
a filling level of maximum 1.00 m thickness, where Roman and modern potshards
were identified. It was followed by the second filling layer, with a maximum thick-
ness of 0.40 m, at whose base, between meters 9.00 and 10.20, we identified a 0.05 m
thick burning layer. Between meters 4.00 and 6.30, on the ancient humus, we found
several reused architectonical fragments (some funerary), forming a platform sized
2.30 x 1.10 m. We did not identify a clear settlement level. The ancient humus emerged
at -0.70 m deep and was approximately 0.30 m thick. At -0.80 m deep, the trench was
flooded by rain and underground waters.
Trench S2 (7.50 x 2.00 m) (PI. III/1-2; VI/2; VII) was oriented east-west, being
parallel to SI and located at 19.00 m distance from it. Stratigraphy: between meters
0.00 and 4.90 we are dealing with a filling layer of maximum 0.40 m thickness, where
Roman potshards and slag were found. Below this level we identified a walking level
maximum 0.15 m thick, spreading from m 0.00 to m 5.00, where it climbs to the pre-
served soil layer. From m 3.00, at -0.55 m deep, there surfaced another filling layer of
maximum 0.55 m thickness. Under it emerged a walking level made of battered earth
with burning, 0.15 m thick. This level was cut at certain point by the previously men-
tioned layer. Between meters 0.00 and 4.40, at -0.60 m deep, there emerged another
filling layer of 0.85 m maximum thickness, below which we identified a burning layer
climbing at m 4.40 to -0.70 m. At -1.50 m deep, the trench was flooded by underwater.
Between meters 4.00 and 7.50, at -0.90 m deep, there emerged a filling-construction
layer of 0.40 m maximum thickness, below which surfaced a construction layer of
0.05 m thickness. These two levels were cut by the previously mentioned burning layer
(PI. VI/2). The ancient humus appeared at -1.10 m deep. Still in this trench, by its
eastern corner at 0.60 m deep, we identified a part of a wall (ZI) (PI. VII). The wall is
oriented east-west, has a preserved length of 2.50 m and is 0.55 m thick. Its northern
side surfaced at 0.70 m distance from the northern profile, being placed by mid trench.
Trench S3 (16.5 x 2.00 m) (PI. IV/1; VIII-IX) was oriented north-south and
placed between SI and S2. Stratigraphy: a filling layer of 0.40 m by the Southern end,
descending to -1.10 m by the other end. This level is cut between meters 3.40 and 6.20
5 Ardevan 2001, 321-322; see Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 49 and note 275.
6 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 50.
7 Find by E. Bota, the cup being delivered to Mrs. Viorica Crișan from the National History Museum
of Transylvania.
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5
111
by a modern pit descending to the ancient humus (-1.50 m). Inside this pit were identi-
fied four wooden poles of 0.20 m in diameter. The first two poles survived on a 1.50 m
length and the other on a 0.60 m length. Below the filling layer emerged a walking
level of battered earth with burning traces in the upper part on the entire surface. This
level is maximum 0.15 m thick and was cut by the modern pit between meters 3.40 and
4.50. Below this ground level follows a filling-construction level of 0.70 m maximum
thickness, cut by the modern pit between meters 3.40 and 4.20. In the two filling lay-
ers fragmentary Roman pottery, animal bones and slag were identified. Next came a
ground level of battered earth, with strong burning traces, with a maximum thickness
of 0.20 m. Below, followed the ancient humus, the maximum reachable depth (due to
the underground waters) being of 2.00 m. By the end of the trench, on the northern
profile, above the ancient humus, we identified the building level of wall ZI on an
approximate distance of 1.00 m.
Trench S4 (8.00 x 3.00 m) (PI. IV/2-3; X/l-2) was oriented north-south and
placed at a distance of 1.00 m from SI and at the same distance from S3. The stra-
tigraphy is almost identical to that in S3 - two filling layers and two settlement levels
with strong burning traces. On the first walking level preserved from above the lower
part of two kilns, numbered CI and C2, was identified. CI is placed at 1.10 m from the
northern profile and at 0.10 m from the easthern profile. It is oval-shaped and sized
0.30 x 0.40 m. Kiln C2 is placed at 1.70 m from the northern profile and cuts 5 cm off
the western profile, having a diameter of 0.30 m. On this level we identified much slag
as well as bronze and iron residues. We also discovered a bronze unfinished statuette
depicting Jupiter8 as well as a bronze mould for votive tablets9. The mould represents
Hercules framed in an aedicula (PI. V/2). The character is depicted nude, bearded,
leaning his bodyweight on the right leg, the left leg being slightly bent. He holds in the
right hand the club and in the left - the Nemean lion skin10. The mould was corroded
so that Hercules’s face is no longer visible and the depiction of the Nemean lion skin
did not survived well, while the overall work is of very good quality11.
Trench S5 (12.00 x 2.00 m) (PI. V/l; XI/1-2) was oriented north-south and
is located at 2.00 m distance from S2, perpendicular on the latter. Stratigraphy: it
preserved a filling layer with Roman pottery, with a maximum thickness of 0.90 m.
Between meters 2.20 and 5.00, this level was cut by a modern pit, with a maximum
depth of 0.60 m, and from m 7.00 to m 12.00 it preserved a level of contemporary
debris from the shopping center’s construction, with a maximum thickness of 0.45 m.
In the Southern end, below the filling layer, emerged a ground level composed of well
hardened earth and stones with burning traces, 0.05 m thick. This level too is cut by
the modern pit bottom. The settlement level, from m 3.50 to the end of the trench, is
composed of a mortar level 5 cm thick. From m 7.70, this level is covered by a cluster
of limestone stones. Below this level there is another filling-construction layer, with
a maximum thickness of 0.65 m, where fragmentary Roman pottery was discovered.
8 The statuette is currently examined for conservation and restoration in the laboratory of the National
History Museum of Transylvania.
9 Voișian, Ciongradi 2004, 479-480.
10 Voișian, Ciongradi 2004, 479.
11 Voișian, Ciongradi 2004, 479.
112
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
Follows another walking level with burning, 0.15-0.20 m thick, below which the
ancient humus is found. This trench too was flooded by underground waters.
Following the investigations in the area, we identified only the first Roman levels.
The stratigraphy was destroyed by the development works for the building extension.
In trench S4 we identified the traces of a metal processing workshop in the second
construction phase. Unfortunately, there is no element allowing a more restricted dat-
ing of the three levels identified during excavation; however we believe they do not
exceed mid-2nd century AD.
The discovery of this workshop for metal processing correlated with the rela-
tively recent discovery of a pit with pottery scrap in the courtyard of a building on
luliu Maniu St. no. 412, recording the existence of pottery production in the area13,
beside the brooch workshop identified on Memorandiștilor Monument14 as well as the
discovery of a very large slag quantity during the excavations in the Unirii Square15
confirm the hypothesis of the existence during the first layers of the Roman town of a
workshop area in its south-eastern part16.
Bibliography
Ardevan 2001	R. Ardevan, Cuptoare romane de la Napoca. In: C. Cosma, D. Tamba, A. Rustoiu (eds.), Studia archaeologica et historica Nicolao Gudea dicata / Omagiu profesorului Nicolae Gudea la 60 de ani / Festschrift fur Professor Nicolae Gudea gelegentlich des 60. Geburtstages, Bibliotheca Musei Porolissensis IV, Zalău 2001, 319-329.
Bianchi1985	L. Bianchi, Le stele funerarie della Dacia. Un’espressione di arte romana periferica, Roma 1985.
Bota 2007	E. Bota, Das romische Napoca. In: U. Burger, R. Graf (Hrsgg.), Klausenburg. Wege einer Stadt und ihrer Menschen in Europa, Cluj-Napoca 2007,19-30.
Cociș 2004	S. Cociș, Fibulele din Dacia romană / The brooches from Roman Dacia, Bibliotheca Ephemeris Napocensis 3, Cluj-Napoca 2004.
Cociș, Voișian, Rusu- Bolindeț 1995 Mitrofan 1964	S. Cociș, V. Voișian, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Cluj-Napoca, jud. Cluj. Bulevardul Eroilor, CCA. Campania 1994, București 1995, 24. I. Mitrofan, Contribuții la cunoașterea orașului Napoca, ActaMN, I, 1964, 197-214.	’
Mustată et alii 2008	S. Mustață, A. Doboș, T. Daroczi, A. Ursuțiu, S. Cociș, Cercetările arheologice de pe str. luliu Maniu nr. 4, Cluj-Napoca, jud. Cluj, CCA. Campania 2007, București 2008, 110-111.
Pop 1968	C. Pop, Monumente sculpturale romane din Napoca, ActaMN, V, 1968, 479-489.
Rusu-Bolindet 2007	V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Ceramica romană de la Napoca. Contribuții la studiul ceramicii din Dacia romană, Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis XXV, Cluj-Napoca 2007.
12 Mustață et alii 2008, 111.
13 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 51.
14 Cociș, Voișian, Rusu-Bolindeț 1995, 24; Cociș 2004, 35-36.
15 New excavations E. Bota, V. Voișian, C. Ciongradi.
16 Bota 2007, 27.
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5
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Țeposu-Marinescu 1982 L. Țeposu-Marinescu, Funerary Monuments in Dacia Superior and
Dacia Porolissensis, BAR, International Series 128, Oxford 1982.
Vlassa 1968	N. Vlassa, Cercetări arheologice în regiunile Mureș Autonomă
Maghiară și Cluj, ActaMN, II, 1965, 19-38.
Voișian, Bota, Ciongradi V. Voișian, E. Bota, C. Ciongradi, Betrachtungen uberdie Romerstadt
2000	Napoca. In: H. Ciugudean, V. Moga (eds.), Army and Urban
Development in the Danubian Provinces of the Roman Empire,
Biblioteca Musei Apulensis XV, Alba lulia 2000, 261-276.
Voișian, Ciongradi 2004 V. Voișian, C. Ciongradi, Eine Bronzematrize mit der Darstellung des
Hercules aus Napoca. In: C. Mușețeanu (ed.), The Antique bronzes:
typology, chronology, authenticity, The Acts of the 16,h International
Congress of Antique Bronzes, Bucharest, May 26,h-31st 2003,
București 2004, 479-480.
Carmen Ciongradi
ciongradi.carmen@mnit.ro
Valentin Voișian
woisian@yahoo.com
Emilian Bota
emilianbs@yahoo.com
National History Museum of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca
114
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
PI. I. 1. Plan of the central part of city of Cluj, locating the site; 2. Site plan.
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5
115
116
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
PI. III. 1-2. Excavation unit S2: I. Southern profile; 2. Plan.
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5
117
PI. IV. 1. Excavation unit S3, Southern profile; Excavation unit S4: 2. Western profile;
3. Plan.
118
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
PL V. 1. Excavation unit S5, western profile; 2. Mould with the depiction of Hercules.
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5
119
1
2
PI. VI. 1. Excavation unit SI, reused architectonical fragments; 2. Excavation unit S2,
ground level with burning.
120
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
PI. VIL 1-2. Excavation unit S2, general views.
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5
121

PI. VIII. 1. Excavation unit S3: northern extremity of the excavation unit, with ground
level and burning; 2. Excavation unit S3, Southern extremity of the excavation unit.
122
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
PL IX. 1-2. Excavation unit S3, northern extremity of the excavation unit (details).
Archaeological research on 21 Decembrie 1989 Boulevard no. 5
123
1
2
PI. X. Excavation unit S4: 1. CI kiln prinț; 2. C2 kiln prinț.
124
Carmen Ciongradi, Valentin Voișian, Emilian Bota
1
2
PL XL 1. Excavation unit S5; 2. General view and detail.
Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 125-176
EXCAVATIONS AT “CENTRAL STORE”, CLUJ-NAPOCA
ALEXANDRU DIACONESCU
(WITH THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF DORU BOGDAN, CRISTIAN GĂZDAC,
VIORICA RUSU-BOLINDEȚ, LOrANT VASS, SORANA ARDELEANU,
MARIUS ARDELEANU)
Abstract: The excavations due to the extension of „Central Store” reached the extreme
north-east insula of the Roman town of Napoca. The area is situated east of the first Mediaeval
enclosure (Altstadt - Ovar), built in the 13,h-14lh centuries, but inside the new town (Neustadt
- Ujvâr), built in the 15lh century. Some of the main achievements of this investigation are the
following:
For the first time traces of a native (Dacian) settlement in the area, later occupied by the
Roman town of Napoca, were discovered.
The succession of Roman phases is also significant. In this part of the town the first
phase (some poor industrial timber structures) started later than in the rest, and lasted till the
middle of the 2nd century. Timber and clay buildings, with the appearance of barrack-blocks
(phases 2 and 3), followed in the second half of the 2nd century. The adobe structures of phase 3
had glass Windows. Both phases ended in a demolition fire and none can be related directly to
the Marcomanic wars. At the turn of the 2nd and 3rd century a stone building with an apse was
started in the north area, but was soon abandoned. In the first decade of the 3rd century, a stone
house (a do mus) was erected over most of the surface. To the north it had a yard, followed by a
corridor and a row of rooms. The building was repaired at least once and lasted till the end of
the Roman province, if not later. A crossbow brooch and a bone amulet in shape of “Hercules
club” are the latest Roman artefacts. From the collapsed roof a single tile bearing the stamp of
cohors II Hispanorum, stationed at Bologa, was found, the rest of the tiles being not stamped.
From the Migrations period dates a Late Roman - Barbarian strep terminal without
clear context.
The lllh-12'h centuries inhabitants left a few traces of light timber structures, besides pot-
tery and a lot of bones. Most of the still standing Roman walls were now pushed to the ground.
Probably in the 14lh-15lh centuries, when the new mediaeval town was erected, the remaining
Roman walls were robbed.
The most interesting finds date from the Renaissance period. In an early 16lh century
pit, two glazed stove tiles with the coat of arms of Matthias Corvinus were found, along with
pottery and roof tiles. In a late 16lh pit further stove tiles were found along with glazed pottery,
which helps dating the spread of this new technique in the town of Cluj.
Later structures are rare and have little significance.
Keywords: Dacian pottery; Roman timber structures; domus\ small finds; Mediaeval;
Renaissance.
Rezumat: Săpăturile de la “Magazinul Central - extensie” au atins insula din extremi-
tatea nord-estică a orașului roman Napoca. Zona este situată la est de prima incintă medievală
a “vechiului oraș” (Altstadt - Ovar), construită prin secolele XIII-XIV și în interiorul celei de-a
doua, aparținând “orașului nou” (Neustadt - Ujvâr), care datează începând cu primele decenii
ale secolului al XV-lea. Cele mai importante rezultate ale acestei cercetări au fost:
Descoperirea, pentru prima oară pe teritoriul viitorului oraș roman Napoca, a unor urme
arheologice dacice.
126
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
Succesiunea fazelor romane s-a dovedit de asemenea semnificativă. în această parte a
orașului prima fază (reprezentată de câteva structuri industriale de tipul cuptoarelor) a început
mai târziu decât în rest și a durat până către mijlocul secolului al Il-lea p. Chr. Au urmat, în a
doua jumătate a secolului al Il-lea p. Chr. (fazele 2 și 3),clădirile propriu-zise de lemn și chirpic,
cu aspectul unor barăci cu mai multe încăperi aliniate. Clădirile de chirpic ale fazei 3 aveau
și geamuri de sticlă. Ambele faze au sfârșit printr-un incendiu controlat (de demolare) și prin
urmare nici una dintre distrugeri nu poate fi legată direct de războaiele marcomanice. La gra-
nița dintre secolele II și III, în partea de nord a suprafeței cercetate, a început să fie construit
primul edificiu de piatră. El cuprindea și o încăpere cu absidă, dar construcția a fost abando-
nată înainte de a fi terminată. Apoi, în cursul primului deceniu al secolului al IlI-lea p. Chr. a
fost construită aici o vilă (domus), care acoperea cea mai mare parte a suprafeței cercetate. în
partea de nord se găsea o curte, dincolo de care fusese amplasat un coridor, urmat de un șir de
încăperi. Casa a fost refăcută cel puțin o dată și a durat până în a doua jumătate a secolului al
IlI-lea p. Chr., atingând sfârșitul provinciei, dacă nu l-a și depășit. Cele mai târzii artefacte sunt
o fibulă în formă de T cu capete incipiente de ceapă și o amuletă de os in forma ghioagei lui
Hercules. Din numeroasele tegule ale acoperișului clădirii romane numai una singură purta o
ștampilă, a trupei cohors II Hispanorum, staționată la Bologa.
Din perioada migrațiilor datează un capăt de curea din bronz de tip roman târziu sau
barbar, dar fără un context clar de descoperire.
Urmele din secolele XI-XII sunt mai consistente, căci pe lângă ceramică și oase au fost
identificate și structuri ușoare de lemn. Cea mai mare parte a zidurilor edificiilor romane au
fost acum trântite la pământ. Probabil prin secolele XIV-XV, când s-a extins orașul medieval, a
început și scoaterea zidurilor aflate în pământ (fundațiile zidurilor făcute din piatră de carieră
cu mortar erau foarte adânci).
Cele mai interesante descoperiri datează din perioada Renașterii. într-o groapă datată
în primele decenii ale secolului al XVI-lea au fost descoperite două cahle glazurate și decorate
cu stema lui Matthias Corvinus, împreună cu ceramică neglazurată și țigle de acoperiș. într-o
altă groapă, din a doua jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea, au fost găsite numeroase cahle decorate
cu mica, precum și fragmente ceramice glazurate, ceea ce ajută la datarea pătrunderii acestei
tehnologii ceramice în orașul de pe Someș.
Structurile ulterioare sunt puține și au o mică relevantă.
Cuvinte-cheie: ceramică dacică; structuri romane din lemn; domus:, material special;
epoca medievală; Renaștere.
Location, circumstances of excavation and previous research in the area
The Central Store is situated in the north-east corner of the former Roman town
of Napoca (PI. I*). The first Mediaeval town (Altstadt - Ovăr), built in the 13th-14th
centuries, was situated west of our area, which was to be included only in the new
town (Neustadt - Ujvâr), built in the 15lh century. The extension of the previous store,
which was to descend to a depth of -4.5 m from ground level, was limited by Cotită
Street to the east and Tipografiei Street to the north (in the rest there are private
buildings). The store was built in 1975 when no regular archaeological excavations
was carried out. In addition, the area mechanically excavated, and consequently dam-
aged, was larger than the actual building. On that occasion several chance finds were
recorded, such as four entire column shafts, an altar dedicated to I(uppiter) O(ptimus)
M(aximus) and Silvanus, hence the naive supposition there would have been located
a temple1. From the same spot several tiles with the stamp “FISC(I)” were recovered,
1	RepCIuj, 131, no. 22.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
127
which relates this site to the seat of the imperial procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
However no traces of official building were found in our excavation. The excavation
was financed by the private society „Magazinul Central S.A., Cluj-Napoca”.
The excavations (PI. I—III) took place between 15.09.2006 - 15.12.2006. For the
record we placed the reference point, m 100E/200N, in the north-eastern corner of
the area to be excavated. Its Stereo 70 coordinates are: X = 586904.01; Y = 392457.33.
For the level we used as 0 a point at + 355.79 m in Over Sea level. After the excava-
tion the only extending wall with buttresses was reproduced in situ on the floor of the
basement of Central Store, where it can be visited at any time. After the excavation the
area investigated and cleared of any charges has the following coordinates:
1:	x = 586905.24 2: x = 586876.41 3: x = 586902.48 4: x = 586873.42
y = 392457.24...y = 392470.73 y = 392445.75 y = 392459.12.
1.	The stratigraphic sequence
Alexandru Diaconescu, Doru Bogdan
1.1.	The site prior to the Romans
This site is placed in the meadow of Someșul Mic river, so that below the level
-3 m we found a layer of geological gravei (bedrock = soil horizon D), which was cov-
ered by a dark surface soil (horizon A). However in the northern and western part of
the surface we identified a grey sandy-clay layer (parent rock = horizon C), covered by
an ochre clay subsoil (horizon B), but no mature topsoil (A), which must have been
damaged by the Romans at their arrival. Here they met some kind of a mound which
had to be levelled, the upper soil being pushed towards south-east. The dark surface
soil from this area, which covers the gravei, contains small Roman pottery fragments,
which must have been removed during this activity (C. 1016, 1036, 1056 and lower
part of C. 1063). In the north-western corner (at m 89-90 E /197-198 N) we found a
pit (C. 1037), not easy to define because it was filled with the same ochre-yellowish clay
in which it has been originally excavated. It contained three hand made pots. Two are
almost complete (catalogue 2.1.1.-2.1.2, PI. X/l-2). One has a row of sockets on the
shoulder, the other a series of stitches in the same area. They belong to the Late Iron
Age pottery (lst century - the first decades of 2nd century AD) and should be attributed
to the local Dacian inhabitants. We cannot define the nature of the pit and its deposits,
but with certitude it was not a grave, since we did not find any ashes or bones, neither
in the pots, nor in the pit. This feature might be a trace of the pre Roman settlement,
which gave the name of Napoca (or Napucd) to this place.
1.2.	First Roman phase. First half of the 2"d century AD
Among the earliest features encountered by us is a small (maximum depth
30 cm) strait ditch, perfectly aligned north-south. In the trench S II we also found a
less deep ditch which runs east-west and meets the first one at a right angle (PI. IV/1).
We have no comments on the function of these features. Above the inițial levelling
128
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
layers (C. 1016, 1036, 1056 and lower part of 1063) we found in trench S I a kiln
(C. 1017, PI. IV/2) and in trench S II a rectangular pit, filled with burnt clay (mud
bricks?) (C. 1038). Quite similar seems to be the pit found in S IV (see for details
C. 1063). Their nature is not easy to define, but they look more like some industrial
facilities than like traces of average dwellings. The demolition layers of these first
timber and clay structures are contexts 1058, 1035, 1053 and the upper part of 1063,
all containing burnt clay and charcoal. The area investigated by us seems not to have
been intensively inhabited under Trajan, or in the first decades of the province, since
the pottery worked in Late Iron Age tradition is scarce here, by comparison to other
sites from Roman Napoca2. In addition to that it must be taken into consideration that
the structures of the first phase were demolished by fire towards the middle of the 2nd
century. This is proven by a Samian ware (catalogue 2.2.4.1.2, PI. XVII/2), discovered
in C. 1063 and which was produced at Lezoux in the workshop of CINNAMVS, in
the years AD 140-160. Such industrial facilities, demolished towards the middle of the
2nd century could not have been too old, so that the beginning of activity in the area
investigated by us must have started later than in other places of Roman Napoca.
1.3.	Phases 2 and 3: timber buildings. Second half of the 2,ld century AD
The houses (barracks) belonging to these phases had a clay pavement (probably
covered by a floor of planks) (C. 1013 - phase 2 and C. 1012 - phase 3, from the
trenches S I and S III; C. 1052 - phase 2 and C. 1024A - phase 3, both in trench S II;
C. 1066 - phase 3 in S IV). The timber walls had no other foundation but a bean, serv-
ing as putlog (see PL VI/1). One face of the wall was covered with planks; the other
was plastered with white lime. The core had a timber skeleton and a filling with clay
and wickerwork (C. 1029 - phase 2 and C. 1026 - phase 3) (PI. V/l). At least in phase
3 these buildings had glass Windows, and one of the rooms had an opus signinum floor
(C. 1066). The timber phase 3 lasted well after AD 161 when the coin 2.2.1.4 was
issued. It was found in the levelling layer of the yard north to the 2nd and 3rd phase
buildings, in C. 1011 and might have been lost during the functioning period of these
structures. A “knee brooch” (catalogue 2.2.2.1) was found in the same context C. 1011.
It is to be dated in the second half of the 2nd century and at the beginning of the next
one. Both phases (2 and 3) ended in a fire (cf. C. 1028, PI. V/2). The lack of any valu-
able small find or of entire pottery wares pleads against an accidental one. The absence
of broken tiles could also be explained by an intențional demolishing of the roofs. In
conclusion, there is no element that could reiate any of these fire destructions to the
Marcomanic wars, although it would be tempting to place the end of 2nd phase around
AD 170.
According to the data from trenches S II and S III, the buildings of phases 2 and
3 were some kind of barrack-blocks. The ground plan is far from being complete, not
even an entire room could be defined, but it seems that the buildings were “L” shaped,
with a wing oriented east-west and another north-south. In addition, in trench S IV we
identified another row of rooms, oriented east-west, and parallel to the first one. The
2 Some handmade fragments were found in C. 1036, the first leveling layer of the Roman settlement,
and another in C. 1023, a late 2"d century context, so that it must be considered residual.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
129
width of the rooms was exceeding 5 m (probably it was 5.60 m = 20 Roman feet) and
the length was similar, which indicates rather some industrial facilities than normal
houses. A military occupation is out of the question; by then Napoca was a municipium
for some decades and in the last decades of the 2nd century it gained colonial status.
The belt fittings (catalogue 2.2.2.4-2.2.2.6, PI. XII) which might be considered parts
of a cingulum militare all belong to the stone phase and are to be dated in the 3rd cen-
tury. The stone buildings of the next phase do not reproduce the plan of the timber
structures, what pleads for a change in function, and even for a transfer of property.
However we did not find any industrial outfit, which could give a hint on the function-
ality of the timber structures of 2nd and 3"1 phases.
From the transition period between 2nd and 3rd phase dates a stone ring (C. 1054,
PI. IV/3) and a circular pit (C. 1050), whose use and nature remains beyond our
knowledge.
1.4.	Transition to stone buildings. End of 2,,d century - beginning of
3rd century AD
In the northern part of the area a building with an apse was projected (Zl-la,
2, PI. II). The foundation trenches, which descend rather deep and reach the gravei
layer, were filled with stones and mortar. The bed-plate of the foundations reaches
the same level as the upper part of the demolishing and levelling layer of the timber
buildings (C. 1011). There is no trace of any wall or of a floor corresponding to these
foundations, so that the most reasonable conclusion is that the building was never
finished.
1.5.	Phase 5. Stone buildings. A domus. 3rd century AD
In the rest of the area, above the debris of timber structures, a levelling layer of
sandy clay was brought (C.1010, 1046, 1061). Consequently a rich building, a domus
was erected. In the northern part a low wall with buttresses was built (Z3), partly
over the unfinished stone structure with apse (PI. II). It was probably marking the
northern limit of the property which occupied the south-eastern corner of the insula?.
The distance between buttresses is around 5.80 m (almost 20 Roman feet), quite large,
but acceptable in the case of a precinct wall. A good analogy was encountered by us in
Apulum, at the shrine of Liber Pater, where a similar wall with buttresses surrounding
the sacred area was identified. In the case of the Napoca wall we could not find any
clear and doubtless trace of a demolishing trench, so that our impression is that this
wall was not higher than found by us. It was probably a socle for a timber fence4.
South of the wall with buttresses (Z3) there was a yard, 8.75 m (30 feet) large.
Further south there was an imposing building which had a walking layer some 50 cm
higher than that of the yard (see PI. VI/2). The house was at least once repaired and
enlarged. Initially the wall Z5 was the northern limit of the building. A long corridor
3	Further north, under Tipografiei Street, we noticed in the next year stone buildings with opus signinum
floors, but the developers did not allow any further investigation „under color” of safety.
4	However, the context 1004 of broken stones could represent the traces of demolishment of this wall
in the	centuries.
130
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
(hali) was soon added towards the yard, by erecting Z4. The collapsed portion of this
wall (C.1057) which could be followed to a length of 3 m from the line of the founda-
tion (and robbing trench, C. 1059), shows that this wall was around 40 cm thick and
was built of local limestone blocks, from the quarry of Baciu, held together with a
lot of mortar. Towards west there was a passage door to the yard. The corridor was
3.40 m large and over 10 m long (it could not be followed further away). In a first stage
the corridor had a clay floor (C. 1064), probably covered with planks, which already
functioned in the first phase of the building, being contemporary with floor 1047 (see
below). In a second stage the corridor paved with an opus signinum floor (C. 1067).
In the third stage a thick levelling layer (C. 1041), consisting mainly of gravei, was
spread out and then a white mortar floor was added (C. 1040). It was provided with
a foundation of rolling stones. It is possible that this floor was covered with 8 shaped
brick tesserae^ but recent disturbances have damaged large portions of the floor. It is
difficult to define the use of this hali, which might have been designated with the term
of cryptopoticus. Being placed in the back of the house and being oriented towards
north, it could have served as a storage room, because it was cooler than the rest of
the house.
South of this structure there was a row of rooms, which was almost completely
destroyed by later activities. A great deal of the walls was partly demolished and
robbed during the Middle Ages. Only a fragment of Z5, separating the corridor from
the rest of the rooms, has survived (PI. VI/2). In addition large parts of the floors were
destroyed by huge modern holes, descending to the Roman timber layers. Thus only a
portion of around 1 m2 from the opus signinum floor (C. 1048) of the south western
room has survived. Under it there is a thick levelling layer (C. 1045) and then another
floor of white mortar (C. 1047), the first one in chronological order. In the room next
to it, towards east (a sort of corridor, 2.30 m wide) there is another filling, a clay one
(C. 1060), probably a foundation of a more sophisticated floor, which corresponded
to the first stone phase. Both floors cover the levelling layer for the first phase of the
stone building (C. 1064 and 1046). To the same first phase belongs a fragment of wall
dividing the room. Unfortunately no further details on the stone buildings have been
registered because of the scarce level of preservation of the Roman layers.
The dating of the two stone phases is quite problematic, but not impossible. From
context C. 1046, a filling which precedes the first floor of the stone rooms, comes a
brooch with twisted foot from underneath („mit umgeschlagemen Fuss”, catalogue
2.2.2.2, PI. XI/1), datable in the 3"1 century AD. A more accurate dating is provided
by two coins of Caracalla (catalogue 2.2.1.6-2.2.1.7) from the period when he was
co-emperor of Septimius Severus (AD 198-212). One was found in context C. 1023
(trench S II), a levelling layer for the yard of the first stone phase. It was more prob-
ably lost when the levelling was made, then later, during the use of the yard. The
second coin of Caracalla was found in C. 1042 (trench S IV), a filling layer for the
second stage of the northern corridor. From context C. 1041, which precedes the
last floor in the corridor, comes an amulet of “Hercules club” type (“Herkuleskeule”,
catalogue 2.2.6.4, PI. XIX/8), which is dated relatively late, in the 3rtl and 4th centuries
AD. It follows that the first stone phase did not start earlier than the first decade of
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
131
the 3rd century and lasted well after the middle of the 3rd century. The second phase of
the stone building was certainly functioning after AD 250 as proven by a cross-bow
brooch with emerging onion-head buttons (“T-Fiebel”/ “Zwiebelkopffiebel”, cata-
logue 2.2.2.3, PI. XI/3), found in the last layer of the Roman yard (C. 1010).
1.6.	Middle Ages
We found no clear traces from the Migration Period, excepting a Late Roman -
Barbarian strep end, dating probably from the 5th century (catalogue 2.2.2.10, PI. XI/4).
Its finding spot (C. 1007) could not be related to any structure. The roof of the Roman
buildings collapsed progressively, the corresponding layer being spread all over the
excavated area (C. 1008). Some tiles were entirely preserved which proves that the
layer containing the collapsed roof was mainly undisturbed. Despite the impressive
quantity of tiles discovered here, no stamp was found, with one exception. It is a tile
with the name of cohors II Hispanorum from Bologa (PI. X/3)5. His situation is typi-
cal for civilian sites (such as Apulum, sanctuary of Liber Pater, where not less than
5 tons of tiles were found and only one stamp of legio XIII Gemina, obviously a ran-
dom piece). It follows that the stone structures of phase 5 represented a private house
which had no connection to the seat of the provincial governor, which is supposed to
be situated in the insula to the west.
In the northern part of the excavation, above the collapsed roof, a 12th century
layer was found (C. 1004). An impressive quantity of bones and typical pottery was
found (PI. XX/1-3)6. In trench S I, above the collapsed Roman roof, two clay floors
were found (C. 1005-1006). They were related to a light timber structure. The pre-
sumed demolition layers of the Roman wall Z3 (C. 1008-1009) are quite loose, which
makes possible that these timber buildings could be related to the 12lb century inhab-
itants, who established themselves among the Roman ruins. Probably in the same
period the north wall of the Roman building (Z4) was pushed to the ground. The
structure of this collapsed wall was obvious and we could examine it over a length of
3 m from bottom to top (C. 1057). No Windows could be identified, but in the western
part an entrance was quite visible.
The 13th-14th centuries’ material is scarce, the area being probably not inhabited
by those times. Probably in this period could be dated the robbing trenches of the
Roman walls and the huge pit from the Southern part (C. 1044), which was filled with
broken refuse stones, probably abandoned because they were too small to be used at
the Mediaeval buildings.
1.7.	Renaissance period
The 15th-16th century pits are the most spectacular discovery of this excavation.
In the western part of trench S III, a pit with vertical walls (C. 1025) was discovered
(PI. VIII/2; XXIII/1-2). Only half of it was excavated (in a first instance a quarter),
the rest of it being cut by the ancient building of “Central Store”. The pit was at least
1.80 m deep, measured from the level; it was probably dug (its mouth was partly cut
5	Expertise of prof. Nicolae Gudea, to whom we are deeply indebted.
6	The material was processed by B. Gergely, who will publish it separately.
132
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
by later levelling). It was almost rectangular in plan, with a side 1.20 m long. After
being excavated the pit was ciad with vertical planks, resulting a circular shape in plan.
The first impression was that of a huge barrel, used as a cellar. The other alternative
is a well, but since the bottom of C. 1025 does not reach the parental rock, probably
it could not get to the underground water table, unless this was higher than today.
Actually in the 15th-16lh centuries the climate, which was rainy and colder than today,
could have caused a rise in the level of the underground water table. In the filling of
this pit (C. 1030), many bones and several entire pots and jugs were found, all of good
quality fabric but without glaze (PI. XXI/1-3). In the same spot two identical stove
tiles with green glaze were found. The relief on their face depicted the coat of arms of
Matthias Corvinus (catalogue 2.4.1.1, PI. XXII/1)7.
These stove tiles come from a richly decorated stove in the house of some local
top ranking character, who wanted to express his attachment to the king born in Cluj.
As PhD. A. A. Russu has proven, similar stove tiles found in the residence of Stephen
Bâthory at Nyirabâtor (north-west from Transylvania), might indicate that the owner
of the stove from Cluj was the same voivode of Transylvania (between 1479 and 1493).
The tiles must have been manufactured before the death of king Matthias in AD 1490.
Soon after the end of Corvinus dynasty and the ascent on the Hungarian throne of
the Jagello family such stove tiles were not welcome and ended in our pit. If they were
just demolishing debris of some stove, we should have found in C. 1030 more traces
of such a heating device. In fact there are demolition vestiges of such structures in
pit C. 1025 (C. 1031 and 1031A), but they are placed above the filling containing the
two stove tiles and cannot be directly related to them. On the other hand, A. A. Russu
rightfully remarked that in the case of a demolished stove, one would expect several
tiles, such as in Nyirabâtor, not only two. It has little relevance if the stove tiles were
picked from a pottery workshop or taken from a funcțional stove. Anyway their pres-
ence indicates a dating of pit 1025 at the end of the 15lh century and it’s filling at the
beginning of the 16th century8. A special mentioning deserves C. 1032, the layer of roof
tiles in the upper part of pit 1025, which is quite rare in the epoque. The impressive
building from which the materials from C. 1030 come, must have been situated to the
west (maybe facing the main Street leading to the bridge over Someș river), and was
probably destroyed in the mid’ 1970-ies when the first body of “Central Store” was
built. It could have belonged to the voievode Stephen Bâthory. The refuse pit or well
was situated in the back of the house, in a yard or a garden9.
Next to the above mentioned wall another pit was found (C. 1043, PI. VI/2; IX/2;
XXIII/3), this time conical in shape, with an upper diameter of 3 m and a depth of
around 2 m, starting from the level it was dug. It also contains rich ceramic material,
7 Rusu 2012, 313-326.
8 Rusu 2012, 316.
9 The claim of A. A. Rusu (Rusu 2012, 313 and note 2) that the walls are too high to be Roman, so
that they might represent 15th-16th centuries structures, cannot be sustained. The robbing trench of Z4,
C. 1059, visible on the western profile of trench S III (PI. VIII/2), starts from the 14,h century level (upper
part of C. 1007), when the still standing wall was dismantled, resulting a robbing trench. Prior to that,
in the 12lh century, the main part of the wall was pushed to the ground (C. 1057). To the south, the last
Roman floor (C. 1040), associated to Z4, is some 50 cm higher the upper part of C. 1010, representing the
leveling layer of the Roman yard.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
133
including a complete stove tile with mica and several other fragments with a similar
decoration, datable in the second half of the 16th century. The pit contained glazed
pottery, while the previous one had none. It follows that the coarse glazed pottery was
introduced in Cluj around the middle of the 16lh century.
1.8.	17th - 19lh centuries structures and layers
Were identified in the Southern part of the investigated area, including a wall,
Z8 (PI. I). In the central and northern part of the excavated surface a small square
functioned as a market place in recent time, which explains the absence of recent
structures here. The modern layers contained glazed pottery and clay pipes.
2.	Archaeological material. Catalogue of main finds
2.1.	Pottery from pit 1037 (PI. X/l-2)
Marius Ardeleanu
Despite the context of discovery, the two complete vessels from pit 1037 do not have
all the characteristics of Pre-Roman - Late Iron Age pottery (from the lsl century AD).
They have good analogies in the first Roman layers from other sites in Napoca, dating at
the beginning of the 2nd century AD (for instance from Victor Deleu Street10). The coarse
fabric is typical for Dacian vessels, but the shape is slender and the rim is facetted, which
are not common in Pre-Roman times. Such vessels belong to type 1.1 Al established by
V. Rusu-Bolindet for the pottery of Roman Napoca11. If Dacian, i.e. Pre-Roman, the pit
with these pots should be dated in the last decades of the Dacian kingdom.
2.1.1.	Cylindrical pot decorated ■with a row of sockets on the shoulder; 80% of the pot is
preserved. Profile complete. H = 26 cm, rd = 14.5 cm, bd = 11.5 cm (PI. X/l).
The vessel is slightly tapered at both ends. The rim is almost imperceptibly oblique. The
bottom is flat. On the shoulder there are four groups of 5 to 6 sockets made with a pressing
finger. They are mutually opposed. Obviously it is not an ornament, but a funcțional feature,
serving for grabbing and holding the pot (probably with a dishcloth). The fabric is coarse,
spongy, with small grains of sand, not bigger the 1 mm in diameter. In section there is a black
core flanked by light brown crusts. On the outside the pot is ochre-brown from shoulder down-
wards and dark-brown in the upper part. The pot must have been currently buried in embers to
the shoulder. On the inside there is a shell of white calcium carbonate, coming probably from
the content of the vessel.
2.1.2.	Cylindrical pot, decorated with a series of stitches on the shoulder; 70% of the pot
is preserved. Profile complete. H = 30 cm, rd = 14.5 cm, bd = 12.5 cm (PI. X/2).
The shape is similar to the preceding one. The walls are 0.5 to 1.3 thick. On the inner face
there are faded traces of vertical stripes from the manufacturing. On the shoulder a series of
stitches are barely visible. The fabric is similar to the preceding one. The crusts are brown with
a brick like tint.
10 Cociș et alii 1995, 636.
11 Rusu-Bolindet 2007, 107, PI. XIV.
1	77
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
2.2.	Roman finds
2.2.1.	Coins
Cristian Găzdac12
2.2.1.1.	Dupondius? Bz. Vespasianus: Obverse: vague silhouette of head. Reverse cor-
roded. S I, C. 1011 (setup wooden phases 2 and 3). SF 127.
2.2.1.2.	Denarius. Ag. Vespasianus: Obverse: laureate head. Reverse: corroded. S I,
C. 1011 (setup wooden phases 2 and 3). SF 130.
2.2.1.3.	Denarius Ag. Illegible: Poor state of preservation. Surface covered with verdigris.
Most likely, the pie was burned which led to its parțial melting down and becoming illegible.
S I, C. 1015, first Roman layer of inhabitancy. SF 253.
2.2.I.4.	Sestertius. Bz. L. Verus, type of Concordia Augustorum-. Obverse: legend erased.
Bust silhouette of Lucius Verus. Reverse: two silhouettes (Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius)
standing and clasping hands. RIC III, 1290, Rome, AD 161; S I, C. 1011 (setup wooden phases
2 and 3). SF 119.
2.2.1.5.	Sestertius, Bz. Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius (?): Obverse: vague silhou-
ette of a bust. Reverse: corroded. S IV, C. 1045 (renamed 1046), setup of first stone phase.
SF 501.
2.2.1.6.	Denarius plated, M. Aurelius Antoninus, Caracalla. AD 198-212: Obverse: sil-
houette of bust laureate. Reverse: corroded. S II, C. 1023, the setup layer of the courtyard
belonging to the stone building, similar to 1010. SF 272.
2.2.1.7.	Denarius, Ag. Caracalla co-emperor, AD 198-212. Obverse: silhouette of bust
laureate. Reverse: corroded. S IV, C. 1046 (former 1142), the setup for the corridor, first stone
phase. SF 345.
2.2.2.	Bronze objects (PI. XI-XIV)
Alexandru Diaconescu
2.2.2.1.	Knee brooch („Kniefiebel” = „Fibulă cu genunchi”). Rather well preserved.
Only the spring with pin is missing. L = 3.3 cm. Found in S I, C. 1011, levelling of yard north
of the timber structures of phase 2-3. SF 120 (PI. XI/2).
The arch is bent at a right angle, hence the similarity with a human knee. The „knee” is
rounded and decorated with two moulds behind and below it, and above the head. Typical is the
long foot and short catch plate, so that the pin was positioned horizontally.
This small brooch belongs to a variant which is characteristic to the Barbarian worid,
classified by Almgren in type 13713, which equals variant 19el by S. Cociș14. In Dacia, such
pieces occurred only in Porolissum, on the limes., and one further case is known from Soporu de
Câmpie15, south-east of Napoca (in Dacia Porolissensis). I. Peskar, who dealt with the brooches
from Moravia, which are in close relation with those in the Roman Empire, is dating this type
of brooch in the second half of the 2"d century and at the beginning of the 3rdone16.
2.2.2.2.	Brooch with returned foot („mit umgeschlagenem Fuss” = „cu piciorul întors
pe dedesubt”). Very well preserved. Complete. L = 4.2 mm. Found in S IV, C. 1046 (ex 1047),
a levelling layer in view of building of the first stone phase (PI. XI/1).
12 Full text will be published in detail later.
13 Almgren 1923, Fig. 137.
14 Cociș 2004,103.
15 Cociș 2004, nos. 1220-1222, PI. LXXX (subvariant 19elb).
16 Peskar 1972, 90-91.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
135
The spring fastening mechanism consists of five windings on one side and four on the
other side. The axle is made of iron. The catch plate is simple, and the returned foot is attached
to the base of the bow by two windings.
Brooches with returned foot represent Cociș type 37, our piece belonging to the sub vari-
ant 37a5a217. A similar piece was found in Napoca, in Victor Deleu St.18. This type of brooch
is characteristic to the Dacian province and is largely dated in the 3rd century AD, because only
a few pieces were found in well dated contexts. At Romula a brooch with returned foot was
found in a grave where it was associated to two coins of Severus Alexander. A similar one, with
a slight rib on the back, was found near the west gate, in the last layer of via decumana, which
is to be dated after the middle of the 3rd century AD19. Another brooch with returned foot
was found in a pit from Obreja, together with a crossbow brooch datable at the middle of the
4lh century20. Since the period of life of this type can be pushed till the middle of the 4lh century,
more significant is the moment of birth. Almost 5 decades ago Gh. Diaconu21 was placing the
beginnings of the type immediately after AD 160, while K. Horedt pleaded for a dating only
inside of the 3rd century22, a point of view accepted by S. Cociș too23. Two coins of Caracalla
from AD 198-212 were found in contexts contemporary to the one of our brooch.
2.2.2.S.	T-shaped brooch. Well preserved, yet arms and pin are missing. L = 6.4 mm.
Found in S III, C. 1010 (former 1032), last Roman level. SF 333 (PI. XI/3).
The head ends in an egg shaped button. The cross section of the bow is D shaped. The foot
with catch plate is facetted. At the end of the bow there are four windings.
Since both arms are broken we cannot say whether they ended in buttons or not. Anyhow
this type of brooch (Cociș type 39b5b2a-b2+) is the direct predecessor of the crossbow brooches
with onion head buttons, which begin with the Tetrarchy. A very close brooch to the one from
Napoca was found in Sarmizegetusa, in the building conventionally called EM 23. As I have
already shown, such brooches are to be dated in the period between AD 250 and 275, actually in
the last decades of the province25. They are more advanced than those on the „Obergermanische-
rhetische Limes”, abandoned in 26026 and from Doura-Europos, destroyed in AD 258.
2.2.2.4.	Belt fitting with three lobe ends. Rather well preserved. Surface slightly cor-
roded. One volute was broken after discovery, being restored. L = 5.7 cm. Found in S I, C. 1010,
levelling of the yard of the stone phase building. SF 116 (PI. XII/2).
The fitting has a rectangular body, decorated in the central zone with two parallel inci-
sions. The heads have three lobes, the central one is lanceolate, and the lateral ones are in shape
of a half a crescent. Only one stud is well preserved.
2.2.2.5.	Belt fitting with fretwork decoration. Well preserved. Initially the surface was
strongly corroded. L = 7.2 cm. Found in S II, C. 1010, same as the preceding one (PI. XII/1).
The fitting has a rectangular shape. The sides are slightly in shape of curly brackets. The
decoration consists of two rows of half circles, separated by a row of diamonds. In the corners
there are four fitting holes. A similar belt fitting was found in the auxiliary fort at Răcari27.
17 Cociș 2004,144.
18 Cociș, Ciogradi, Bota 2001, PI. IV/35.
19 Isac, Cociș 1995, 114, no. 43.
20 Protase 2002, 72, Fig. 9 for the context; 180-181 for the brooch with returned foot.
21 Diaconu 1971, 248.
22 Horedt 1978, 222.
23 Cociș 2004,147.
24 Cociș 2004,153-154.
25 Diaconescu 1999, 211-212. Surprisingly this study was not taken into consideration by S. Cociș
(Cociș 2004, 154) when discussing this piece. Cf. Diaconescu, Bota, Voișian 2006, 886-887, Fig. 2/1.
26 Bohme 1972, 27-28, type 28m.	’
27 Bondoc, Gudea 2009, 215, no. 551, PI. XCIX, with previous literature.
136
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
2.2.2.6.	Belt fastener. Well preserved. L = 4.5 cm. Found in S IV, C. 1041, levelling layer
in view of building the second period of the stone phase. SF 239 (PI. XII/3).
At one end there is a rectangular bail, for a 1 cm large strep. The passage to the body of
the fastener is represented by a hole, probably with a decorative purpose. The body, “D” shaped
in section, its bottom being flat, is decorated by three grooves and ends in a circular socket. On
the back there are two studs, 5-6 mm long, ending in circular heads, 7 mm in diameter, which
helped fixing the fastener. The distance between them is 1.8 cm, meaning that on the belt there
were several holes separated at this interval. The holes had an additional cut which helped the
flattened heads of the studs pass throw. By a smart movement the belt could be fastened at once.
2.2.2.7.	Two keys joined by a chain. Pretty well preserved. The smallest key is almost
entire; the bigger one was broken in ancient times. Probably the broken cane was of iron.
The chain partly disintegrated after the discovery but was eventually restored. Found in S IV,
C. 1063, corresponding to the first timber phase. SF 533 (PL XIII/1-3).
The small key (PI. XIII/3) is 6 cm long. The ring has an inner diameter of 1 cm. To it the
coupling link with only one bail remained still attached. The foot, 2.7 cm long, had a pattern in
shape of XIX. The bigger key (PL XIII/2) is now 6 cm long but is broken. The ring has an inner
diameter of 1.8 cm. At the passage to the rod there is a fillet.
The chain had probably 10 links. Initially they had a rounded shape, but the central part
was pressed so that an 8 shape was obtained. This chain proves that the keys were related and
used together. Probably the bigger key served opening the main door and the small one a
secondary door, or a chest (arca).
2.2.2.8.	Medical pharmacy-cosmetic spoon. Almost entire. Only the end of the bowl is
missing. On the other end the handle is bent at a right angle. L to the bent = 11 cm (PL XIV/1).
The small spoon had a shallow longue bowl, which helped well balancing the powders.
The handle has three segments. The central one, 3.5 cm longue, is square in section, which
provided a fast hold for the fingers. The end of the handle, now bent, would have some 4 cm in
length. It is circular in section and ends in an egg shaped bulb, which facilitated the balance of
the tool. The two parts of the handle are separated by three incisions, delimiting two pirouettes.
The separation between handle and bowl is marked by a similar decoration, consisting of a
pearl and two pirouettes. Such instruments served preparing powders for medical and cosmetic
purposes.
2.2.2.9.	Chest fittings, two fragments which do not match together. Preserved L = 9.5 cm,
respectively 9.2 cm. Found in S IV, C. 1046 (wrongly registered as 1041), levelling for the first
stone phase. SF 439 (PL XIV/2).
A first bronze plate was rectangular, almost square. In the middle there is an elevated circle,
which has a hole in the centre. Here a decorated stud or a handle was fitted. The second fragment
belongs to a similar fitting. Such plates were set on chests and boxes, the main deposit device
in Roman furniture. Similar pieces were found in the auxiliary fort at Răcari, where they were
considered shield ornaments28.
2.2.2.10.	Strep terminal. Well preserved. Broken only at the joint to the strep. L = 10.5 cm.
Found in S IV, modern hole, C. 1007 (PL XI/4).
The strep terminal has the shape of a longue and narrow tongue, ending in a simplified
vegetable motive. It is decorated with fine, barely visible incisions. Could be late Roman or
Early Migration Period (4lh-6lh centuries AD).
28 Bondoc, Gudea 2009, 229, nos. 681-682, PL CXIV, (of 8, 9 and 11 cm length).
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
137
2.2.3.	Lamps (PI. XV-XVI)
Alexandru Diaconescu
2.2.3.1.	Wheel made lamp. Rather well preserved. Only nozzle is partly broken, a few
parts of the rim and part of the handle are broken. H = 4 cm, rd = 4.5 cm. Discovered in C. 1063
(wrongly registered as 1043). First Roman timber phase. SF 534 (PI. XV/1).
This lamp has the shape of a spherical ware, with flat bottom and obliquely expanded rim.
The handle has a simple circular shape. On the shoulder there are two conical outgrowths, prob-
ably with purely decorative purpose. Unfortunately we cannot define the shape of the nozzle.
On the bottom there is an incised circle. The fabric is coarse, and has a grey colour on both
faces and black in fracture.
Such weal made lamps inspired by coarse pottery bowls occur in periods of crisis in
specialised production and in fine oii supply. Most of such cases come from the Late Roman
Period, when both conditions were met, and when imported olive oii was replaced by local
sheep suet. Similar dysfunctions existed at the beginnings of the Roman province. For instance
in Sarmizegetusa there are wheel made lamps in the first Trajanic layers29, imitating industrial
lamps and not small pots, such as this one.
2.2.3.2.	Lamp of Loeschcke X type (Firmalampe). Without stamp. Almost complete.
Only the point of the nozzle is missing. L = 8 cm. Found in trench S IV, C. 1063. First Roman
phase. SF 528 (PI. XVI/1).
The lamp belongs to the well-known Loeschcke X type, the variant with opened channel.
On the shoulder there are two buttons, placed on the sides. The inscription on the bottom is
illegible but its presence can be guessed.
The fabric is spongy, light ochre-orange in colour. On the outer surface there are tiny
holes, probably from the granules of stones removed while polishing. There are also traces of
orange-brown slip. The nozzle is partly smoked.
2.2.3.3.	Lamp of Loeschcke X type (Firmalampe). Without stamp. Complete. The sur-
face slightly corroded and part of the glazing was wiped out. L = 7.8 cm. Found in trench S II,
C. 1029 (demolishing layer of second timber phase). SF 352 (PI. XVI/2).
Similar to the preceeding. The bottom bares no stamp and the few holes which appear
here do not form a coherent pattern.
Slightly spongy fabric, light ochre-orange in colour. The brick-red slip was applied on the
upper part of the lamp and flew over the shoulders. In the areas where the paint is thicker it
turns reddish-brown. The nozzle is partly smoked.
2.2.3.4.	Lamp of Loeschcke X type (Firmalampe), with the stamp “C. DESSI”. Almost
complete. Only the nozzle is partly broken. Disc is also missing and part of the channel is bro-
ken on the length. L = 8 cm. Found in the south-west room, in C. 1045 (former 1048), which is
a levelling in view of the second stone phase. SF 485 (PI. XV/2).
Similar in shape with the two previous ones. On the shoulder there are three buttons.
On the bottom, surrounded by three concentric circles, there is a quite dim stamp reading
“C. Dessi”. Replicas after original lamps of the workshop of C. DESSIVS occur in the second
half of the 2nd century and in the 3rd century. In our case the context is mid-3rd century if not
later.
29 Roman 2000, 99-140; Roman 2001, 129-168, 200. The article contains several confusions, but for
the Trajanic lamps from Sarmizegetusa it is reliable.
138
Alexandru Diaconescu et alii
2.2.4.	Pottery
2.2.4.I.	Terra sigillata (PI. XVII)
Viorica Rusu-Bolindet
2.2.4.1.1.	Fragment from the body of a bowl Drag. 37; 5.2 x 4 cm. Found in trench S III,
C. 1026. SF 248 (PI. XVII/1).
Fine dark gray fabric (Munsell N, 4/), with limestone and silver mica inclusions; black
slip of high quality on the surface (Munsell, 2.5/N).
Decoration set in medallions and panels, divided by pearled lines. In a double framed
medallion there is a hippocampus (marine monster) turned right (O 48 = D 76). Beyond there
are three leaves. Made at Lezoux, workshop of LIBERTVS, between AD 100-12030. It comes
from the demolishing layer of the 3rd timber phase.
2.2.4.1.2.	Fragmentary bowl Drag. 37. Brocken in two pieces, now restored; 8.5 x 5.5 cm.
Found in S IV, C. 1063, levelling of first Roman phase. SF 526 (PI. XVII/2).
Fine, hard red-brown fabric (Munsell 10R, 5/6), with limestone, silver and red-brown
iron-rich grains inclusions; red slip, smooth and lustrous (Munsell 10R, 5/8).
The fragments come from the lower part, careen shaped, of a Dragendorf 37 type bowl.
Decoration set in panels, delimited by pearled lines (Rogers 1976, A9). Various gods are
depicted in the panels: 1. Aesculapius, fragmentarily preserved (O 905 = D 523), wearing a
himation, descending to the middle of the shank. An end of the mantie, passed over the shoul-
der, is hanging free on the back; 2. Below Aesculapius, vegetal motiv - composite leaf (Rogers
1976, L 11); 3. Vulcanus (O 66 = D 39) wearing a short chiton leaving all limbs uncovered, and
fastened on the left shoulder. He is turned to our left, with the right foot on an anvil, right
hand bent from elbow and leaning on the knee, while the left hand, slightly bent from elbow,
rests along the body; 4. Dionyssos (Liber Pater) (O 581 = D 331) nude, turned to the left,
thyrsus in left hand, nebris on the right shoulder. Leaning on the right foot and left foot flexed
and bent over the right. 5. Below Dionyssos, emerges a fruit basket, with two combined motifs
above (Rogers 1976, Q 58). 6. In the following panel, double rhomb, tilted leftwards (Rogers
1976, U 33).
The complex depiction of certain divinities in the Roman Pantheon (Aesculapius, Vulcanus,
Dionyssos-Liber Pater) is specific for the mid style of artisan CINNAMVS at Lezoux, that may
be dated around AD 135-17031 or around AD 140-16032. The second Roman phase must have
lasted well after this date. There are analogies, in terms of the means for the depiction of the
gods preserved on the discussed fragment, however under other combinations, on several ves-
sels discovered in Britannia and belonging to the same artisan, in the same activity period33.
The discovery of the two Drag. 37 type bowl fragments, decorated in relief and
produced at Lezoux, confirm the prevalence of imports coming from Central Gaul,
30 PGC, 104-109, PI. 55; Rogers 1999,157-161.
31 PGC, 310.
32 G. B. Rogers proposed a nuanced dating for the work of CINNAMVS, the artisan from Lezoux,
separating among his three decorative styles based on decorative elements, complexity of representations
and decorative stamps: the early style (AD 135-145), the mid style (AD 140-160+) and a late style (AD
160-180). In addition, the author improved the general dating proposed by J. A. Stanfield and G. Simpson
(PGC, 310), based on more recent archaeological finds from Britannia and the Danube provinces (Rogers
1999, 99-100). See also Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 153-154.
33 Aesculapius: PGC, PI. 157/6, 8; 158/19 (where in medallion, Vulcanus appears beside goddess
Venus); Vulcan: PGC, PI. 158/21; 159/23-25; Dionysos: PGC, Pis. 157/6; 159/32 etc.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
139
and especially, of those produced in the mentioned terra sigillata workshops, both at
Napoca34, as well as the rest of the province of Dacia35.
The potter LIBERTVS is the most important among the terra sigillata mânu-
facturers from Lezoux, working in the Trajanic period, being the one to exercise
prevalent influence on the artisans/potters who followed. It seems he was the creator
of more than a quarter of figured decorative motifs used in the pottery workshops
at Lezoux. He singled out by both the variety of decoration and the pottery forms it
applied on36. Another peculiarity of his products is also the use of the black slip on
the produced wares57, which was only occasionally used by his successors, BVTRIO
and PATERNVS. The decorative motif preserved on the pottery fragment found at
Napoca - the marine monster - is likely to be part of a marine theme of free style38
or in which the depicted characters are not necessarily related to one another or with
the ensemble of the decoration on the vessel, these being other peculiarities of the
decorative style of LIBERTVS39. In what the vessel fragment discovered at Napoca is
concerned, it is hitherto unique among the import sigillata identified on the site40. It is
furthermore valuable since, being produced in the Trajanic period (AD 100-120), the
earliest at Lezoux, record the entrance of the terra sigillata wares produced in these
workshops as early as the establishment of the province of Dacia41. The only speci-
mens, extremely fragmentary, likely pertaining to the same artisan, were discovered
in Oltenia, at Acidava and Romula42 but also in Dacia Porolissensis, in the auxiliary
forts from Buciumi43 and Ilișua44.
Concerning CINNAMVS’s products, of very good quality and of great variety
of decoration, they are extremely distributed in the province of Dacia, especially in
Oltenia43, but also at Apulum, Porolissum, Ilișua, Orheiul Bistriței, Gilău, Buciumi,
Cristești, Bulei (Arad county), Micia46. From Napoca come another two pottery frag-
ments, made by CINNAMVS: one in a very fragmentary state47, hence difficult to
assign to any of his decorative styles, while the other, much better preserved, the pot-
ter’s intradecorative stamp included, was framed still in his mid style48.
34 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 153-154.
35 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 153.
36 PGC, 108-109, Pis. 51-55.
37 For detail concerning to the production technique of the balck firnis wares and the types of wares
such coating was applied onto see PGC, 108-109, PI. 51/600-602.
38 PGC, 106, PI. 53/626-627.
39 PGC, 106.
40 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 152-156,168-172; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007a.
41 Isac 1985, 41.	’
42 Popilian, Ciucă 1988, 62, 74, catalogue nos. 10-11, Fig. 1/10-11.
43 Isac 1985, 101, catalogue no. 40, PI. 4/40.
44 Isac 1985, 101, cataogue no. 41, PI. 5/41.
45 Popilian, Ciucă 1988, 62; Popilian, Ciucă 1993, 30-31; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 153.
46 See Isac 1985, 42, who classified 39 samples - 120-126, catalogue nos. 162-201, Pis. 19-24; more
recently see Rusu-Bolindet 2007, 153 and note 151.
47 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 153-154; 180, catalogue no. 101, PI. XXIV.
48 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 162-163; 185, catalogue no. 127, PI. XXIX - this fragment belongs to the terra
sigillata warehouse from Napoca - see Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 161-168, Pis. XXIX-XXXIII.
140
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
2.2.4.2.	Stamped pottery (PI. XVIII)
Sorana Ardeleanu49
The number of stamped fragments is rather poor, a total of 18 fragments being
discovered in our excavation. AII pieces are found in contexts dating in the second half
of the 2"d century (C. 1011 and 1015) and in the 3rd century AD (C. 1023), even in
its second half (C. 1004 and 1041-1042). Several fragments are residual, being found
in late Roman - Mediaeval contexts (C. 1007, 1030, 1032, and 1042). Tire fragment
found in C. 1015 belongs to type 3H of V. Rusu-Bolindeț50, which was previously dated
under Trajan, but in our case the context of find dates from the second half of the 2nd
century AD, when the levelling of the 3"1 phase (timber structures) took place. The
other pieces were so far dated between Hadrian-Antoninus Pius and the end of the
Roman province. Most of them belong to a kind of bowl, type 3 DR37 of V. Rusu-
Bolindet51. Seven fragments have a similar fabric, light grey with black slip, one is also
grey, but has a brown slip. Other eleven fragments have a brick-reddish colour, eight
have a red slip, one has a dark brown slip, and other has no slip at all. The decorative
patterns, both geometric and vegetal, are common to the pottery from Napoca52, but
there some which have no previous parallel.
2.2.4.3.	Coarse pottery’3
2.2.5.	Glass54
2.2.6.	Bone objects (PI. XIX)
Lorânt Vass
From the 23 bone objects discovered, 53% are hair pins and further 38% sewing
needles.
2.2.6.1.	Hair-pins: 6 of the 11 hair-pins found during the excavations come from the
same context 1041, which represents the levelling layer for the last floor of the northern cor-
ridor, one of the latest Roman features. Two further pieces come from the fitting out of the
same stone building and date from the beginning of the 3rd century. Other two come from the
disturbed C. 1000. All pins are handmade, mostly by the use of a scraper and of a knife, for bet-
ter delimiting the head from the body or for the collar. Following types were identified:
2.2.6.1.1.	Pins with globular head (Type Gudea-Bajusz II/6; Ciugudean 1.1) (PI. XIX/1-
4). The 6 pieces of this type are the simplest pins in Roman times. Similar items were found in
Porolissum55, Vețel56, Buciumi57, colonia Dacica Sarmizegetusa^^ Apulum59. C. 1141/SF 402.1,
49 Full text will be published later.
50 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 254.
51 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 252.
52 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, Pis. LXIX-LXXI.
53 Processed by S. Ardeleanu. Full text will be published in another context.
54 Processed by Sz. Pânczel, who will publish the material later.
55 Gudea, Bajusz 1991, Pis. XI/1-7; XII/8-13; XIII/14-22.
56 Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. IV/4, 7-8.
57 Pop 1972, PI. C/7-9.
58 Alicu, Nemeș 1982, PI. 1/8.
59 Ciugudean 1997, Pis. II-III.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
141
L = 5.4 cm; C. 1141/SF 402.2, L= 5.5 cm; C. 1141/SF 292, L = 10.5 cm; C. 1061/SF 521,
L = 7.5 cm; C. 1000/SF 311; L = 6.8 cm; C. 1000/SF 105, L = 6.9 cm.
2.2.6.1.2.	Pin with double pyramid head (Type Gudea-Bajusz IV/5) (PI. XIX/5). This
type was less popular than the previous one. Analogies for the two pins in our catalogue come
from the auxiliary fort at Feldioara60, and from Porolissum61, all dated in the 2"d-3rd centuries.
C. 1141/SF 409, L = 5.9 cm; C. 1041/SF 356, L = 5.7 cm.
2.2.6.1.3.	Pin with double pyramid head and collar (Type Gudea-Bajusz II/6; Ciugudean
1.10) (PI. XIX/6). Despite its popularity in Dacia62, in our excavation only one piece was found:
C. 1041/SF 434; L = 8 cm. The type is generally dated in the 2"(l century, but in our case it was
found in one of the latest Roman layers, which proves that it had a longer period of existence,
similar to other provinces63.
2.2.6.1.4.	Pin with head separated by a succession of grooves and fillets (Type Gudea-
Bajusz V/5, Ciugudean 1.10; Bajusz-Isac V.2) (PI. XIX/7). These kinds of pins are similar to
those of previous type, only they are provided with several collars and the shape of head is less
uniform. The only pin of the kind in our catalogue, C. 1060/SF 531, L = 8 cm has good analo-
gies in Dacia64, and in other provinces65.
2.2.6.1.5.	Pin with pine cone head (Type Gudea-Bajusz IV/6, Ciugudean 1.6, Bajusz-Isac
III). The pine cone is a well-known Symbol of afterlife. It has good analogies in Dacia66. Such
pieces started to be produced at the end of the 2"d century and largely used in the 3rd century67.
Our pin was found in C. 1000/SF 164, L = 3.9 cm.
2.2.6.1.6.	Unfinished pin (probably a pine cone headed one) (PI. XIX/9). C. 1041/SF 503.
L = 8.9 cm.
2.2.6.2.	Sewing needles (PI. XIX/10-16). Most of the 8 needles in our catalogue come
from the timber phases. Only three of them are preserved enough to allow a typology.
2.2.6.2.1.	Sewing needle with flat head. SF 293, L = 8.9 cm. The hole is 8 shaped, due to
the fact that two bores were executed. Such needles are generally dated in the 2"d-3rd centuries6”.
Analogies from Dacia are in Porolissum and Apulum69.
2.2.6.2.2.	Sewing needle with rounded head. C. 1036/SF 262, L = 6.9 cm. The hole is also
8 shaped. Analogies: Dacia Porolissensis, Porolissum, Apulum70.
2.2.6.2.3.	Sewing needle with triangular head and oblong, rectangular hole. C. 1024/
SF 213, L = 9.4 cm. The large dimensions of the hole, made with a special borer, plead for a
special use for sewing leather. Analogies: Dacia Porolissensis71.
Fragments: C. 1024/SF 213, L = 12 cm; C. unknown/SF 267, L = 13.1 cm; C. 1024/
SF 213, L = 11.8 cm; C. 1023, SF 307, L = 7.2 cm; 1 = 0.5 cm; thick. = 0.4 cm.
2.2.6.3.	Handle. C. 1023, S.F. 965, L = 9.9 cm; slightly curved handle, with an interior
piercing.
2.2.6.4.	„Club of Hercules” (Herkuleskeulej type pendant (PI. XIX/8).
60 Gudea 1991, PI. XVIII/3.
61 Gudea 1989, 828.
62 Porolissum: Gudea, Bajusz 1991, PI. XVIII/3; Bajusz, Isac 2001, PI. VI/53; Dacia Porolissensis:
Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. VII/9; Buciumi: Pop 1972, PI. C/4.
63 Bajusz, Isac 2001, 403.
64 Porolissum: Bajusz, Isac 2001, PI. VI/50; Dacia Porolissensis: Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. VIII/1-13.
65 Britannia: Crummy 1979, 162; Germania: Obmann 1997, PI 24/334.
66 Porolissum: Bajusz, Isac 2001, PI. V/38-43; Apulum: Ciugudean 1997, PI. X/l-3; colonia Dacica
Sarmizegetusa: Alicu, Cociș 1988, PI. VII/67; Dacia Porolissensis: Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. VII/1-12.
67 Biro 1994, 34.
68 Ruprechtsberger 1979, 34-34.
69 Ciugudean 1997, PI. XXIV/2; Vass 2006, Fig. 4/18-22.
70 Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. XIV/15; Ciugudean 1997, PI. XVI/1; Vass 2006, Fig. 4/13-17.
71 Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. XIV/10.
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
Such protective pendants were used mainly by women and children, as several funerary
finds seem to indicate72. They were usually made of precious metals73, but in moments of crisis,
such the 3rd-4th centuries and in the Migration Period74, they could be manufactured in cheaper
materials75. Bone pendants of this kind are known from Drobeta (three pieces)76, Ampelum77
and Micia78. Our piece comes from the latest Roman phases. C. 1041/SF 407, L = 8.5 cm.
Worked on the lathe it is carefully polished.
2.2.6.5.	Unidentified object
This object comes from a disturbed layer containing also Mediaeval and Modern artefacts.
It has a pierced base and a body in shape of a leaf. It might have belonged to a pipe. C. 1023/
SF 268; L = 5.4 cm.
2.3.	Mediaeval material (lllh-12lh centuries)79 (PI. XX)
2.4.	Renaissance
2.4.1.	Stove tiles
2.4.1.1.	Two identical tiles with the coat of arms of Matthias Corvinus
(PL XXII/1).
Found in C. 1030, filling of pit 1025. Each stove tile has an almost square front plate, 23.8
x 25.4 cm and 18.5 cm deep conical tubes attached on the reverse, having each one slightly splay
orifice with a diameter of 20 cm. Decorated in relief. At the back there is a conical device, 9.5 cm
long, in shape of a pot with circular rim (diameter 17 cm). The inside is smoked80. The stove tiles
were recently published and largely commented by PhD. A. A. Rusu (see above note 6).
In a tournament shield, serving as escutcheon, is inserted a smaller shield bearing the
symbols of the Hungarian kingdom: double cross and bars. Above the shield there is coronet
from which emerges, as a sort of crest, the raven with the ring in the beak, obviously the Sym-
bol of the Hunyadi family. Above it there is a crown supported with the upper two legs by two
rampant lions. With a third leg they hold the coronet above the Hungarian state blazon. Due
to the originality of the design we have no reason not to believe this was a local product. The
perfect analogies found by PhD. A. A. Rusu in north-east Hungary, at Nyirabâtor81, the resi-
dence of the voievode of Transylvania Stephen Bâthory (between 1479 and 1493), link this high
ranking character to our find. The stove tiles from there seem to be copies after the ones in Cluj.
They must have been produced before the death of Matthias Corvinus in 1490 and dismantled
shortly after.
72 Ciugudean 1999, 249.
73 From Dacia such cases are known from: Dierna, Miercurea Sibiului, Târgu-Mureș and Potaissa
(Bărbulescu 1980, 179-180, Fig. 5/1-4).
74 Werner 1964, 176-177.
75 Bărbulescu 1994,179-180; Ciugudean 1999, 248.
76 Stângă 1998,119, PI. LXXXIV/8-10.
77 Ciugudean 1999, 247-251, Fig. I.
78 Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. XVI/3.
79 Processed by B. Gergely. Material will be published elsewhere.
80 At least this was our impression immediately after the discovery. A. A. Rusu, who examined them
after cleaning, considers that the tiles were not used in a stove, so that he is inclined to consider them
part of the collection of a potter’s workshop. Indeed, the presences of entire pots associated with these
tiles plead for a workshop. In this case the “vicus latifigulorum", the suburb of potters, attested since 1453
(Rusu 2012, 315, note 10), must have been situated in the northeastern part of the Late Mediaeval town.
On the other hand the later “lane of potters” is placed in the opposite, western part of the town.
81 Rusu 2012, 314-315 and PI. II a-b.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
143
2.4.1.2.	Severa! fragments of green glazed stove tiles (PI. XXIII/1-2). Found in pit
C. 1043. High quality green glaze. Decorated with geometrical and vegetal motifs.
2.4.1.3.	Stove tile with decorative pattern (PI. XXII/2). Found in pit 1043. It cracked in
the central area, probably during combustion in the pottery kiln. Since it bears traces of smoke
on the backside it was probably never used in a stove. The decorated plate has a square shape,
21 x 21 cm. The face has a lot of mica spangles. The decoration is geometric and contains sim-
plified vegetal patterns. On the back of the tile there is a 3.5 cm high frame which helped fixing
it to the stove.
2.4.I.4.	Fragments of stove tiles without glaze (PI. XXIII/3-5). Found in the pit C. 1043.
Decorated with vegetal motifs.
2.4.2.	Coarse pottery82
2.4.3.	Glass83
2.5.	Modern (18th) finds84
2.6.	Bones85
3.	List of contexts
Alexandru Diaconescu
C.	1000 (trench S I) is a filling layer, between 12 and 55 cm thick (frequently
around 20-30 cm). It is easy to separate from 1001, which is covered by this context.
The colour is greyish-brown. It is made of silky sand, with a firm fine-grained texture.
Intrusions: bricks, pieces of mortar and small stones. It is a recent layer containing
glass, wire and modern bricks.
C.	1001 (trench S I and III) is a levelling layer, between 15 and 40 cm (fre-
quently 30 cm) thick. It consists of stiff and homogenous brown sandy silk. Contains
sporadic tiny pieces of chalk coal. Intrusions: pottery from the llth to the 18th century,
well sorted, with no traces of walking layers or floors. It is similar to C. 1020 and cov-
ers the 16lh century pits C. 1025 and C. 1043. Probably till late in the 19th century the
area was not built and used as a garden behind some house in the south of it. More
recently it was a small market place.
C.	1002 (trench S I) is the filling of pit 1003 and consists of a yellowish-brown
soft sandy clay. Intrusions: pottery and bones. It was not easy to define from C 1001,
1007-1008, 1010 and 1011 in which the pit was dug. In the upper part of the filling
there was a big stone, covering the pit.
C.	1003 (trench S I) is a modern pit with irregular contour in the upper part
where it measures 2.40 x 1.60 m. Deeper it becomes round in plan and V shaped in
section, descending to -1.60 m. It is filled by 1002 and cuts 1000, 1001, 1004, 1007,
1008, 1010 and 1011, affecting partly the wall of the apse from trench S I.
82 Material will be published later.
83 Material will be published later.
84 Material will be published later.
85 See separate report of Al. Gudea herein (ActaMN, 49/1, 2012).
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
C.	1004 (trench S I) is a stiff greyish-black sandy clay, some 5-10 cm thick.
It contains small stones (50/60 %). It could be a subdivision of demolishing layer
C. 1008-1009, but the stones in it are considerably smaller. The upper part of C. 1004
is a walking layer above the deposit of Roman debris, and contemporary to the floors
1005-1006, which are associated to lllh-12th century pottery. Over 1004 is placed
C. 1007, which appears in several trenches (S I—III), but 1004 is only present in the
one of the wall with buttresses. We cannot reject the possibility that this deposit was
related to the demolishing of the wall.
C.	1005 (trench S I) is a 5 cm thick fitting up - levelling layer made of an
yellowish-ochre clay, with intrusions of dark humus and chalk coal. Sporadically there
are red traces of burnt clay. It covers the layers of debris C. 1008-1009, is bounded by
C. 1004 and similar to C. 1006. It is a floor laid over the Roman debris. North to it
there is another floor of the same kind, C. 1006. Probably a timber wall was separat-
ing the two floors. They belonged to light timber structures of the llth-12th, centuries
contemporary with C. 1004.
C.	1006 (trench S I) is a floor made of ochre-orange clay, similar with C. 1005,
and belonging to a room north to C. 1005.
C.	1007 (trenches S I-IV) is a deposit above the Roman debris, representing
a natural soil which grove in time. It is 15/40 cm thick (mainly 25 cm) stiff sandy-
clay dark grey deposit. Intrusions: small pieces of limestone (2/5%) and sporadically a
stone. It covers the debris layers C. 1008-1009 and 1057. It is cut by the mediaeval
robbing trench (of the Roman wall) C. 1059 and by pits C. 1025 and 1043, belong-
ing to the 16th century. Probably in Renaissance times here was a back garden of an
important house (see the roof debris C. 1032).
C.	1008 (trenches S I—III) is a debris layer, 20-50 cm thick. Made of clayey sand,
light brown in colour and containing in proportion of 20 % stones from the wall with
buttresses and from the north wall of the Roman building. In the lower part there are
tiles (35-50 %) broken in large pieces. Sporadically there are pieces of yellowish-white
mortar. It is similar to C. 1009, is covered by 1004 and 1007 and is partly intermin-
gled with 1010, which is also covered by it. It is adjacent to the collapsed wall C. 1057.
C.	1009 (trench S I) is a demolishing layer similar to C. 1008, only it contains
more stones.
C.	1010 (trenches S I-IV) is a filling layer immediately under the debris of the
Roman building (C. 1008, 1009 and 1057) which extends north of the Roman struc-
tures. It consists of a soft, dark brown soil, with intrusions of pebbles, mortar and bits
of tiles. It looks like a fitting out of a yard, where from time to time broken tiles were
spread to avoid the mud. This layer covers the demolition of the last timber phase and
is contemporary to the stone buildings. Although it contains several layers of broken
tiles it is difficult to distinguish between several adjustments on the yard. From here a
T shaped brooch from the second half of the 3r<1 century was found (catalogue 2.2.2.3.).
C.	1011 (trenches S I-II) is a levelling layer, made of a soft, brown, clayey sand,
with intrusions of unsorted pebbles. It is 20-30 cm thick. It is covered by C. 1010 and
covers C. 1014. It represents the out fitting of the space outside the timber building
of phase III, a sort of yard.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
145
C.	1012 (trenches S I—III) is a firm and clean fitting out, 10 cm thick, made of
ochre-yellowish sandy clay. It covers layer 1033 and is covered by the demolishing of
phase 3 (C. 1026 and 1028). It must be the floor of the western row of rooms of the
timber building from phase 3.
C.	1012A (trench S I) clay floor, visible only on the north profile, probably part
of C. 1012.
C.	1013 (trenches S I—III) is a fitting out layer, 10 cm thick, made of stiff sandy
clay, partly ochre-yellow, partly ochre-grey with small intrusions of charcoal. It is cov-
ered by C. 1033 and covers C. 1035, representing the floor of the western row of
rooms of phase 2 timber buildings.
C.	1014 (trenches S I and S II), clearly visible on the south profile of S I, similar
with C. 1011, which is slightly darker. Covered by C. 1011, it covers C. 1036 and
1056, and represents the out fitting of the yard north to the phase 2 timber buildings
(floor C. 1013).
C.	1015 (trench S I) is a stiff layer of light greyish-brown sandy clay, containing
sporadically small stones and traces of charcoal. At the bottom there is a layer of peb-
bles. Covered by C. 1010, it covers C. 1016 and is bound on C. 1012A. It represents
the levelling of the space outside phase 3 timber buildings.
C.	1016 (trench S I) is a stiff levelling layer made of dark brown well sorted silky
sand. It has intrusions of small pieces of charcoal and burnt clay. Along with C. 1056
it covers the undisturbed ground clay, being covered by 1015 and 1012. It belongs to
lst and 2nd phase.
C.	1017 (trenc S I) is a kiln, circular in plan. D = 65 cm. The walls were built
in yellow clay with a few stones, more frequent in the Southern and eastern side. The
charge whole was to the north and is partly contained by the wall of trench S I, and
consequently could not be excavated. Because of the high temperatures the inside of
the kiln turned read. Over the hearth there is a 2-3 cm thick layer of ashes, covered
by the collapsed walls. Some 0.5 m west of the kiln we found a calcinated beam, which
was limiting a layer of ashes. It must have been connected to the kiln, but was later cut
by pit C. 1003. The kiln was built over the levelling layer C. 1036 and belongs to the
first Roman phase. We cannot say whether the kiln had a domestic or an industrial use.
C.	1018 = abolished.
C.	1019 = abolished.
C.	1020 (trench S II) is a deposit similar to C. 1001.
C.	1021 (trench S II) is the filling of a Modern-Contemporary pit (19lh-20lh
centuries), C. 1022, not easy to distinguish from 1020, merely by its consistency and
not by colour.
C.	1022 (trench S II) is a pit, rectangular in plan, with vertical walls and hori-
zontal bottom. It cuts 1020 and is filled by 1021. It is a recent pit, which was partly
damaged by works from 1975.
C.	1023 (trench S II) is the levelling layer between the wall with buttresses (Z3)
and the building to the south (wall Z5, later Z4). It is 35-40 cm thick, and made of
loose clayey sand, with sporadic intrusions of charcoal, small pieces of mortar, tiny
stones, and traces of burnt clay and bits of tiles. A coin from the end of the 2nd and the
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
beginning of the 3rd century was found here (2.2.1.6.) It is easy to separate from the
debris layer. Probably is the same as C. 1010, being covered by C. 1057, 1008, 1009
and covers C. 1026, 1050, 1029, 1024.
C.	1024 (trench S III) is a levelling layer for the last timber building complex. It
consists of a stiff dark greyish-brown sandy clay with quite frequent intrusions of char-
coal, and sporadic pieces of mortar, and burnt clay. It is 15-20 cm thick, being covered
by C. 1026, 1023 and covering 1029. At the top of this layer, towards west, there is a
yellow-greenish clay floor C. 1024 A.
C.	1025 (trench S III) is a pit, rectangular in plan, with the sides 120 cm long, very
well defined. The walls are slightly oblique, and the bottom is horizontal. Maximum
depth -1.80 m. It cuts C. 1001, 1007, 1008, 1026, 1033, 1013, 1031, 1035. Is filled
by C. 1030, 1031 and 1032, which contain materials from the first decades of the 16lh
century. In the lower part another pit, round in plan, emerged in the middle or the
first one. Its walls were ciad in timber. Possibly a well.
C.	1026 (trench S III and partly in S II, not more than 1 m east from the west-
ern edge). It is a collapsed adobe wall, burnt when demolished. One face was ciad
with planks the other was plastered with white lime. The core was provided with
loamed wickerwork. The wall had no foundation. The layer, 8-10 cm thick, consists
of brick read burnt clay and traces of rods, which were turned into charcoal. On the
top there is a layer of white lime, and at the bottom a dark line from the carbonized
planks. It is covered by C. 1023 and covers 1024 and 1028. It belongs to the demol-
ishing of phase 3.
C.	1028 (trench S II) is a demolishing layer of the buildings of the last timber
phase (3), which were burnt. This loose layer contains brick-read burnt clay (adobe)
and sporadically small pieces of charcoal (under 1 cm) and mortar. Actually the roof,
after the tiles must have been collected, was set on fire. The still standing walls were
then pushed to the ground (C. 1026). This layer is covered by C. 1026 and 1010 and
covers 1033 and 1012.
C. 1028A is a subdivision of C. 1028 which contains less burnt adobe.
C.	1029 (trench S II) is a demolished wall of phase 2, between 8 and 12 cm thick.
It contains burnt adobe. At the bottom there is a black stripe of charcoal. The layer
is partly loose, partly compact, ochre and brick-red in colour, with pieces of burnt
rods. In the eastern part it is looser and ends strait at 80-90 cm from the edge of S II.
Covered by C. 1024 and covers C. 1052, 1058, 1050, 1051.
C.	1030 (trench S III) is the filling of pit C. 1025. The context is ill-sorted,
containing several filling layers. It is made of several strata of soil of different origins.
The most frequent is a dark grey clayey sand. At the bottom there is a lens of orange
and red-brick clay, followed by a stripe of rotten wood, which turned reddish-brown.
The edges have the aspect of barrels (a rounded well?). The filling contains a lot of
bones and coarse pottery without glaze. In the upper part there is a layer of tiles,
coming from a demolished roof (C. 1032). The two glazed stove tiles with the coat
of arms of Matthias Corvinus were also found in 1030 towards the bottom of the pit.
Stratigraphically they cannot not be directly related to the demolished stove or kiln
(C. 1031 and 1031A) which lay above. C. 1030 is covered by C. 1031Aand 1031.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
147
C.	1031 (trench S III) is the last filling of pit 1025. Its maximum depth is
35-40 cm. It is a loose, homogenous layer of burnt sandy clay, which turned dark brick-
red. It must come from the demolishing of a stove, an oven or a kiln. It is covered by
the levelling layer C. 1001, and covers C. 1031A.
C.	103 IA (trench S III) is a filling of pit 1025, maximum depth 15 cm. It is a
loose grey and pink layer of ashes and burnt clayey sand, coming from a demolished
stove or a kiln. It is covered by C. 1031 and covers C. 1030 and C. 1032.
C.	1032. (trench S III) is a filling within C. 1030, maximum 15 cm thick, in the
upper part of pit 1025. It consists of roof tiles, in proportion of 80-90%. The part of
C. 1030 above this layer is so similar to the one below that we decided not to give it a
separate number.
C.	1033 (trench S III) is the levelling layer after demolishing the second phase
and the fitting out layer for the third phase. It is 10-15 cm thick and is made of firm
greyish-black silky clay. It contains small pieces of charcoal and burnt clay. At the
upper part there are layers of yellow clay from the subtractions’ of the timber floors. It
is covered by C. 1012 and covers C. 1013.
C.	1035 (trench S III) is the demolishing layer of Roman phase 1 and levelling
for the next phase. It is a 10-15 cm thick firm mixture of grey, ochre and read silky
clay and sandy clay. It contains burnt adobe in a proportion of 35 %. It is covered by
C. 1013 and covers C. 1036.
C.	1036 (trenches S I and III) represents a levelling for the first Roman phase. It
is difficult to distinguish it from C. 1035. The layer between 8 and 25 cm thick is firm
and contains mixed pieces of ochre and grey clay, with sporadic intrusions of burnt
clay. It is covered by C. 1035 (in trench S I also by C. 1014) and covers the natural clay.
C.	1037 (trench S II) is a pit, situated in the narrow space between ZI and Z3,
not easy to define because it was filled with the same ochre-grey clay in which it was
initially dug. It contained three Late Iron Age type pots.
C.	1038 (trench S II) is a pit, rectangular in plan. H = 35-45 cm. The eastern
and Southern edges are beyond the limits of the excavation. The pit measured more
than 2 m east-west and more than 1.5 m north-south. It was filled with pieces of ochre
clay and burnt adobe. It was dug in the natural soil and belongs to the first phase. We
cannot determine its use and nature.
C.	1039 (trench S III), is a layer of burnt adobe coveringthe natural clay. Covered
by C. 1036 it belonged to the first Roman phase.
C.	1040 (trench S IV) between Z4 and Z5, it is the foundation of the last floor of
the northern corridor of the stone building. It is a compact, well sorted, layer made of
white mortar and pebbles. On the top there are traces of opus signinum. At the bottom
there is a layer of rounded stones (ca. 15 m in diameter). It is cut by several modern
pits and by C. 1043 and 1044, and covers C. 1041.
C.	1041 (trench S IV) between Z4 and Z5, is a levelling layer made of a loose
silky sand. At the bottom there is a compact layer of greyish-brown gravei. Sporadic
traces of charcoal appear. In it a bone pendant in shape of Hercules club was found. It
represents a levelling for the last phase of the corridor, being covered by C. 1040. It
covers the opus signinum floor C. 1067.
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
C.	1042 (trench S IV) between Z4 and Z5, is a levelling layer belonging to the sec-
ond stage of the northern corridor of the Roman stone building. The coin of Caracalla
(catalogue 2.2.1.7) comes from here. It is made of reddish-brown firm silky clay, with
intrusions of white mortar and pebbles. It is covered by C. 1067 floor and covers C. 1064.
C.	1042A equals C. 1064.
C.	1043 (trench S IV, eastern profile) is a residual pit, circular in plan with
oblique walls. Diameter of the mouth is around 3 m and the depth is 2 m. The bot-
tom is slightly concave. This pit cuts the robbing trench of Z4 (C. 1059) and C. 1007,
1042, 1041, 1062 and 1063. It is covered by C. 1020.
C.	1043A (S IV) is the filling of pit 1043 made of loose, greyish-ochre, silky sand
with intrusions of pebbles and charcoal. It contained 16th-17th centuries’ glazed pot-
tery and stove tiles.
C.	1044 (trench S V) is the filling of a modern hole made of a compact, black,
silky sand, containing many rubbly stones. At the bottom there are bigger pieces of
broken stones and traces of mortar, obviously coming from the Roman walls. The pit
descends between 120 and 250 m and is related to the robbing trench of Z4, C. 1059.
It is covered by C. 1000.
C.	1045 (trenches S IV-V) south-west room. It is the levelling after demolishing
of first phase and in preparation for the second phase of the stone building. The layer
is 70 cm thick, with a sub layer of 20 cm, made of mortar and plaster. The rest is made
of firm, reddish-brown silky clay, with intrusions of plaster and stones. It is covered by
C. 1048 and covers C. 1047.
C.	1046 (trenches S IV-V) south west and south-central room. It is the levelling
layer for the first phase of the Roman building, made of a 40-60 cm thick mixed layer
of greyish-sepia sandy clay, with intrusions of pebbles and charcoal. It is similar to
C. 1061 and is covered by C. 1047, 1064 and 1064A
C.	1047 (trenches S IV-V) south west room. It is the partly preserved floor of the
first phase of the room. It is a compact, white, 7 cm thick layer of mortar with intru-
sions of small stones. It is covered by C. 1045 and covers C. 1046.
C.	1048 (trenches S IV-V) south-west room. It is the second phase opus signinum.
It is a weekly cemented, 10 cm thick pink floor containing small pieces of brick. It is
covered by C. 1049 and covers C. 1045.
C.	1049 (trenches S IV-V) are the post Roman debris in the south-west room, pre-
served on a surface of ca. 1 m2. It is a 30 cm thick layer of a firm greyish-brown sand with
rather big pieces of plaster. It was partly disturbed by a modern hole and covers C. 1048.
C.	1050 (trench S II) is a V shaped pit, circular in plan, with a diameter of 150 cm.
Its depth, measured from the level it was dug is 120 cm. The bottom is concave. It cuts
C. 1052,1053,1056, and the undisturbed clay, reaching to the parent-rock (gravei). It
belongs to the transition from the 2nd to the 3"1 century, together with C. 1054.
C.	1051 (S II) is the filling of pit 1050. In a first instance stones from structure
1054 were thrown in the pit (25%), then a 30 cm thick layer of grey clay of unknown
origin was added (25%) and then burnt adobe from the demolition of phase two tim-
ber buildings (C. 1029) (50%), was laid on a depth of 40 cm. The filling and the pit is
covered by C. 1029.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
149
C.	1052 (trench S II) is the floor of the east-west oriented timber building from
phase 2. It is a 20 cm thick layer, made of a firm dark greyish-brown sandy clay, with
frequent intrusions of charcoal and sporadically pebbles. It covers C. 1053 and 1058,
and is covered by C. 1029.
C.	1053 (trench S II) is the demolishing layer of timber buildings from first Roman
phase. This layer contains 60% charcoal and 40% clay; sporadic intrusions of burnt clay
and pebbles. It is covered by C. 1052, cut by C. 1050 and 1054, and covers C. 1056.
C.	1054 (trench S II) is a pit from the transition period between phases 2 and
3. It consists of a ring of stones set on the edges of a circular pit, only 10-15 cm deep,
filled with C. 1055. The stones were held together with clay. Above the first row of
stones there was at least another one, if not several. Some of these stones felt over the
filling C.1O55, others felt in and around the pit. We cannot identify the function and
purpose of this pit.
C.	1055 (trench S II) is the filling of C. 1054, made of gravei.
C.	1056 (trench S II) is the topsoil of the first Roman phase, containing sporadi-
cally pottery sherds from the first out fitting and levelling. It is similar to C. 1036 from
trench S III.
C.	1057 (trenches S II and S III) is a collapsed stone wall. It extends around
3 m north of the robbing trench of wall Z4 (C. 1059). It is poorly present in the west-
ern part of trench S III, where we suppose there was an entrance. The width of the
wall was 30-40 cm. It was built of local limestone blocks, from the quarry of Baciu,
held together by an abundance of mortar. Probably the Roman wall was intention-
ally pushed to the ground when the area was cleaned in the Advanced Middle Ages.
Covered by C. 1007, it covers C. 1010-1023 and partly C. 1008-1009, which con-
tains 12d‘ century material. When the demolition took place the Roman walls were
still standing at a considerable height.
C.	1058 (trench S II) is a burnt timber and clay wall which belongs to buildings
from first Roman phase. It is contemporary with C. 1053.
C.	1059 (trenches S III-IV) is the robbing trench of wall Z4, the northern wall of
the Roman building. It is 60 cm large and has a depth of 120 cm (measured from the
level it was dug). The trench is filled with mortar and broken stones. On the bottom
there is a layer, some 20 cm thick, of gravei (70 %). actually the diggers stopped when
they reached the foundation of the wall, for which they paid no interest. Below the
gravei there is a layer consisting of two rows of stones, with a depth of 20-30 cm. The
trench cuts C. 1007,1008, 1057, 1010, 1028A, 1052,1053 and 1060. It is cut by pit
C. 1043, dating from the 16th-17th centuries, and covered by C. 1001-1020. Probably
the robbing of the Roman walls took place in the 14th-15th centuries, when stone was
needed for the extended town (Neustadt - Ujvăr).
C.	1060 (trench S III) is a levelling layer south of the timber structures of phases
2 and 3, ending somewhere in the proximity of pit C. 1030. The 40 cm thick layer con-
sists of firm greyish-brown silky clay with intrusions of charcoal and sporadic burnt
adobe. It is difficult to distinguish it from 1010 and 1060A. It is cut by pit C. 1030
and trench 1059, being covered by C. 1028A, the demolishing of the third phase. It is
similar to C. 1011 from S I-II and belongs to the timber structures.
150
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
C.	1060A (trench S III) is the levelling layer south of the timber building of
phase 2, (floor 1013), difficult to distinguish from C. 1010 and 1060. It is made of a
40 cm thick layer of greyish-brown silky clay with frequent intrusions of charcoal and
sporadic burnt clay. In the upper part it has a reddish touch. It covers the grey natural
clay and 1036. It is covered and it interferes with C. 1060.
C.	1061 (trenches S IV-V) is a levelling layer for the first stone phase in the
central-south room (actually a corridor). The foundations of the walls are dug into it.
It is a 60-70 cm thick, stiff mixture of topsoil and ochre-grey sandy clay, with sporadic
intrusions of pebbles, charcoal, and mortar. It is similar to C. 1046, 1042, covers
1065 and is covered by 1064.
C.	1062 (trench S IV) is the levelling layer for phase 3, difficult to distinguish
from C. 1063 (only due to a tiny lens of gravei). It is made of a 20 cm thick, firm, dark
ochre-grey (sepia), silky clay. It is cut by C. 1043 and other less obvious pits. Is covered
by C. 1026, the opus signinum floor C. 1065, and covers C. 1063.
C.	1063 (trench S IV) is the levelling layer of the first Roman phase. At the
lower part it is cleaner (this part probably represents the topsoil at the arrival of the
Romans). It is a 30 cm thick layer of firm, grey-brown, silky clay, with frequent intru-
sions of charcoal, burnt clay and pieces of yellow clay. It contained a Samian ware
fragment 2.2.4.1.2 (PI. XVII/2), produced between AD 140-160. This layer is easy to
be distinguished from the natural gravei, but very much alike C. 1062, which covers it.
It is cut by C. 1043 and the foundations of the walls of the stone phase.
C.	1064 (trench S IV) northern corridor, between Z4 and Z5. It is the levelling
of the first stone phase in this room, contemporary with floor 1047, from the South-
west room. The 10-15 cm thick layer of yellowish-ochre sandy clay is easy to separate
from other layers. It is covered by C. 1042, and covers C. 1046. Similar to C. 1064A.
C.	1064A (trench S V) is a floor of the first stone phase in the south-east room.
It looks like C. 1064.
C.	1065 (S IV) is the demolishing layer of the timber building found in S IV, and
consists of burnt clay and charcoal. It is 30 cm thick, loose, and has an average red-
brick colour. It is covered by 1061 and covers 1062.
C.	1066 (trench S IV) It is the opus signinum floor of the last timber building in
S IV. It is 15 cm thick and has a pink colour. The floor has a 10-15 cm thick founda-
tion of ochre clay. The whole structure is easy to distinguish from C. 1042, which lays
above it and from C. 1062 below it.
C.	1067 (trench S IV) is the opus signinum floor in the north corridor (between
Z4 and Z5). It belongs to the second stage of this room, being covered by C. 1041, and
covering C. 1042.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
151
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Vass 2006	L. Vass, Unpublished Roman bone artefacts from the amphitheatre of
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' , ’
Werner 1964	J. Werner: Herkuleskeule und Donau-Amulett, Jahrbuch des Romisch-
Germanischen Zentralmuseums, 11, 1964, 176-182.
Alexandru Diaconescu,
“Babeș-Bolyai University”, Cluj-Napoca,
a_diaconescu@yahoo.co.uk
Doru Bogdan,
Institute of Sistemic archaeology,
“1 Decembrie 1918” University, Alba lulia
doru.bogdan@uab.ro
Cristian Găzdac,
Archaeology and History of Art Institute, Cluj-Napoca,
cgazdac2000@yahoo.co.uk
Viorica Rusu-Bolindet,
National History Museum of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca,
viorusul @yahoo.com
Lorânt Vass,
“Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca
v_lorant@yahoo.com
Sorana Ardeleanu,
sorana.ardeleanu@yahoo.com
Marius Ardeleanu,
ardeleanumarius@yahoo.com
County Museum of History and Archaeology Maramureș, Baia Mare
154
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. I. Central Store general plan with main features.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
155
PI. II. Central Store plan of Roman stone buildings phase 5.
156
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. III. 1. General view of the excavation at Cenral Store; 2. Northern part of the
excavation with Roman stone structures and earlier burnt layers (contexts 1058, 1035,
1053 and the upper part of 1063).
Excavations at “Central St ore”, Cluj-Napoca
157
PI. IV. 1. First structures in the central area; 2. Trench S I, first Roman phase: kiln C.
1017; 3. Stone ringC. 1054, between second and third Roman phase (timberbuildings).
158
Alexandru Diaconescu et alii
PI. V. 1. Demolished timber wall C. 1026 from S III; 2. Demolished timber wall C.
1028 from S II.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
159
PI. VI. l.T 'races of timber walls (indicated by arrows); 2. Trench SIV. Southern area. The
corridor of the Roman building (phase 5). Robbing trenches of the walls and
fragmentary floors.
160
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. VIL Trench S I: 1. Northern and Southern profiles; 2. Trench S I, Southern profile;
3. Trenches S I and S II, eastern profile.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
161
PI. VIII. 1. Trench S II, south profile; 2. Trenches S III and S I, western profile.
162
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. IX. 1. Trench S V, eastern profile; 2. Trench S IV, eastern profile.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
163
PI. X. 1-2. Late Iron Age - Early Roman pottery (catalogue 2.1.1-2.1.2); 3. Tile with
the stamp of coli. II Hispanorum.
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. XI. 1-3. Brooches (catalogue 2.2.2.1-2.2.2.3); 4. Strep terminal (catalogue
2.2.2.10).
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
165
PI. XII. 1-3. Belt fittings and fastener (catalogue 2.2.2.4-2.2.2.6).
166
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. XIII. 1-3. Keys (catalogue 2.2.2.7).
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
167
PL XIV. 1. Medical pharmacy-cosmetic spoon (catalogue 2.2.2.8); 2. Chest fittings
(catalogue 2.2.2.9).
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. XV. 1-2. Roman lamps (catalogue 2.2.3.1, 2.2.3.4).
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
169
PI. XVI. 1-2. Roman lamps (catalogue 2.2.3.2—2.2.S.3).
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. XVII. 1-2. Samian ware (catalogue 2.2.4.1.1-2.2.4.1.2).
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
171
PI. XVIII. 1-5. Stamped pottery (catalogue 2.4.2.2).
172
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. XIX. Bone objects: 1-4. Pins with globular heads (catalogue 2.2.6.1); 5. Pin with
double pyramid head (catalogue 2.2.6.1.2); 6. Pin with double pyramid head and collar
(catalogue 2.2.6.1.3); 7. Pin with head separated by a succession of grooves and fillets
(catalogue 2.2.6.1.4); 8. Pendant in shape of Hercules club (catalogue 2.2.6.4); 9.
Unfinished pin (catalogue 2.2.6.1.6); 10-16. Needles.
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
173
PI. XXL 1-3. Early 16* century pottery from C. 1030.
174
Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
5 cm
PI. XX. 1-3. Mediaeval pottery (irh-12lh century).
Excavations at “Central Store”, Cluj-Napoca
175
5 cm
PI. XXII. 1. Stove tile with the emblem of Mathias Rex; 2. Stove tile with stylized
decoration from C. 1043.
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Alexandru Diaconescu et alli
PI. XXIII. 1-2. Early 16th century pit cutting Roman layers. 3. Later 16th century pit,
also cutting throw Roman layers.
Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 177-228
FAUNA IDENTIFIED SUBSEQUENT
TO RESCUE EXCAVATIONS PERFORMED
AT “CENTRAL” SHOPPING CENTER-DEVELOPMENT1
ALEXANDRU ION GUDEA
Abstract: This study is an archaeozoological investigation carried out on an animal bone
sample collected in occasion of the archaeological discharge excavations performed on Cotită
St., in Cluj-Napoca. The excavations revealed Roman, lllh-12lh centuries and 17lh-18lh centu-
ries remains. The analysis of the archaeofaunal remains was made separately, according to the
layers of archaeological material suggested by the archaeologists. The largest sample dates to
the Roman period (over 2000 bone fragments), while the other two samples are small, consist-
ing of a few hundred bones (1-2).
This article attempts, based on the available data resulting from the three different
inhabitancy levels, to present a comparative view of the means by which the specificities of the
archaeofaunal sample vary over time on the same surface unit, as well as to make a brief and
comparative approach (in the case of the Roman period sample) of the contemporary sites
studied from archaeofaunal view.
Keywords: Archaeozoology; animal bones; archaeofaunal sample; Roman period; animal
species; animal economy.
Rezumat: Studiul de fată este o investigație de tip arheozoologic făcută pe un eșantion
de oase de animale recoltate cu prilejul săpăturilor de descărcare arheologică făcute pe strada
Cotită, în Cluj-Napoca. Săpăturile au scos la iveală resturi ale perioadei romane, ale secolelor
XI-XII si ale secolelor XVII-XVIII. Analiza resturilor arheofaunale a fost făcută separat, în
funcție de straturile de material arheologic indicate de către arheologi. Eșantionul cel mai
mare este cel de epocă romană (peste 2000 de fragmente osoase), pentru ca celelalte două
eșantioane să fie mici, constituite din câteva sute de oase (1-2).
Articolul de fată încearcă, în baza datelor disponibile reieșite din cele 3 nivele de locuire
diferite, o privire comparativă a modului în care caracteristicile eșantionului arheofaunal variază
în timp pe aceeași unitate de suprafață, ca și o scurtă abordare comparativă (pentru eșantionul
de epocă romană) cu situri contemporane studiate din această perspectivă arheofaunală.
Cuvinte-cheie: Arheozoologie; oase de animale; eșantion arheofaunal; epoca romană; spe-
cii animale; economie animală.
Introduction
Osteoarchaeology (archaeozoology) known in Romania as paleofaunistics or
zooarchaeology is a Science directed to the study of animal remains discovered in
archaeological sites.
The aim of archaeozoology is to provide a meaning and a better understanding
of the relations between humans and the environment, especially between human
1 Material drafted during 2007-2008 (unpublished at the time) and shortly reviewed in 2012.
178
Alexandru Ion Gudea
populations and other animal populations, supplying data referring to the morpho-
logical features of the identified animals as well as accurate data on the means these
species were exploited by the ancient populations.
Data on the material origin
The analysed bone material comes from the archaeological excavations carried
out in the back of “Central” shopping center in central Cluj-Napoca city (Cotită Street).
These excavations were required due to the extension of the commercial spaces in the
above shopping center and were integral part of an archaeological discharge agree-
ment entered with the archaeologists of “Babeș-Bolyai” University.
The archaeological excavations revealed parts of two Roman buildings and a part
of an inner courtyard, overlapped by other two inhabitancy levels, one dating to the
llth-12lh and the other to the 16th-17Lh centuries2.
Method
The bone material cleaned on the collection spot was taken from storage and
transported to the Comparative Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine in Cluj-Napoca.
The analysis consisted in separating the bones according to anatomical features
and the removal of the unidentifiable fragments, followed by the Identification of the
species by anatomical examinations3. The bones were allotted to the limb they per-
tained to (in order to determine the minimum number of individuals).
We took notes concerning human processing prints4 in the case of fragments
exhibiting cutting tool traces. Age estimations were carried out by both the analysis of
bone epiphysation stage5 as well as by dental eruption and wear6. Measurements were
taken via the standard measurements used in osteometry7. In addition, where made
possible by the material, we recorded the so-called sub-pathological conditions provid-
ing information on the use of some of the species for labour purposes8.
Results
The analysis results shall be described separately, according to the dating of the
examined samples.
2 We wish to thank herein lecturer Alexandru Diaconescu for the kindness of having provided us with
the material for analysis and also for the supplied information.
3 Gheție 1971; Schmid 1972, 75; Hillson 1992; Popovici et alii 1995.
* Lauwerier 1988, 23-78.
5 Schmid 1972, 75.
6 Grant 1985; Udrescu, Bejenaru, Hrișcu 1999.
7 Desse, Chaix, Desse-Berset 1986.
8 Bartosiewicz, van Neer, Lentacker 1997, 45-270.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 179
Roman period sample
It represents the largest part of the material under analysis. The examined bones
belong to the following species:
Large ruminants
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Scapula	12	11	3
Metacarpals	2 complete 7 pe 4 de	3 complete 14 pe 1 de	11 de
Metatarsals	7 de 7 pe 1 complete	4 de 2 pe Idiaf	12
Humerus	3 pe 5 de	3 pe 7 de	2 diaf
Radius	7 pe 3 de	9 pe 5 de	2 de
Ulna	2	6	
Coxal bone			20
Femur	5 pe 1 de 3 diaf	4 pe 3 de 1 diaf	3 3 diaf
Patella			2
Tibia	4 pe 5 de 1 de Cervus	1 pe 3 de	3
Calcaneus	5	4	
Astragalus	1	7	
Cuboscafoid	1	1	
Mandible	10 symphyseal parts 5 articulatory parts 15 mandibular ramus	5 symphyseal parts 5 articulatory parts 14 recurved parts 10 mandibular ramus	
Vertebrae	Atlas-9 Axis-9 Cervical vert 28 Thoracic vertebrae 44 Lumbar vertebrae 7		
Ribs			243
M ax illa	9	11	8
Neurocranium	47 25 horn core (6R,6L)		
Splanchnocranium	9 incisor		
Phalanx I	31		
Phalanx II	11		
Phalanx III	3		
Teeth	64 M-PM		
180
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Bone	Right limb	| Left limb	| Uncertain
Unidentified	9 mc-mt		
pe-proximal epiphysis, de- distal epiphysis
Scapula
The identified fragments are mostly parts of articular angle, reason for which
more detailed measurements of the articular parts were possible. Concurrently, based
on the specific morphological elements, we could identify with most certainty a frag-
ment that belonged to species Cervus elaphus, while other two supposedly originated
in the same species9.
Part	4	6	7
R Cervus?	45 46 41
R Cervus	35 42 39
R	58 61 56
R	57 60 54
R	62 62 55
R Cervus?	35
R	45
R	58 54
R	59
R	45
L	54 57 48
L	49 40
L	44
L	54 56 49
L	58
L	70 71 58
L	52 58 46
L	51
4-minimum AP diameter of the colum
5-AP diam in the articular process
6-AP diam glenoid cavity
Most of the fragments exhibited chop marks at the level of the scapular spine,
resulting in the spine severing, and the cut off of the edges of the articular angle or
even in the articular surface removal.
Humerus
The proximal parts of the identified humeri provided no metrical data. The ossi-
fication stage may be estimated only in the case of 2 fragments, evidence for origin in
2 specimens over 3.5-4 years of age. In the case of one fragment, we could note ossi-
fication “just barely”, evidence of age close to the above mentioned value. Commonly,
proximal fragments represent detachment or rupture of the articular head, which
hinders the accurate estimation of the epiphysation stage.
9 Prummel 1988, 3-52.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 181
More data are offered by the diaphyseal and distal epiphyseal parts. They allow
the Identification of a minimum number of 7 specimens over 1.5 years of age (distally
completed ossification)10 and provide certain parțial metrical data as well.
Part	3	4
R	76
R	83
L	67
L	81
L	78	36
3-distal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphysis breadth
Radius
There are two almost complete fragments of the left limb. One of them is not
distally ossified, lacking the distal epiphyseal fragment. It evidences origin in a speci-
men aged between 1.5 and 3.5 years old. Another complete fragment, almost distally
ossified, points to a specimen of 3.5-4 years of age11. This single fragment also allows
size recalculation. The obtained value12 is 149 cm.
Proximal epiphysis fragments are completely ossified, evidence of origin in speci-
mens over 1-1.5 years of age13. Some of them exhibit chop marks, which resulted in
the severing of either the lateral articular surface or the lateral tuberosity.
The identified distal epiphysis fragments are ossified, evidence of origin in speci-
mens over 3.5-4 years of age14. Cut marks were identified in this case too, both at the
lateral side level of the distal epiphyseal part as well as on the connection to the cranial
side of the extremity.
Lina
Ulna fragments are largely olecranial. Most often, the tuberosity is noticeably cut
off as a result of meat removal. The ossification stage of the tuberosity evidences origin
of the fragments in specimens over 3.5-4 years of age, except for a fragment with an
obvious unossified tuberosity, pointing to younger age15.
This segment is of no interest from the metrical data point of view, yet it is
obvious that from gross size estimation standpoint, one may establish two categories:
smaller fragments and robust fragments (poorly represented numerically).
10 Schmid 1972, 75.
11 Schmid 1972. 75.
12 Kokabi 1982, 75, 5-167.
13 Schmid 1972, 75.
14 Schmid 1972, 75.
15 Schmid 1972, 75.
182
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Metacarpals
Part	1	2	3	4	6	9	10
		(4)	(5)	(6)	(9)		
R	178	56	35	31	58	F	1123
R	222	65	40	36	68	M	1489
R		57	36			
R		63	36		M?	
R		51	31			
?				70		
?				64		
?				66		
?				62		
?				65		
?				64		
?				62		
?				54		
?				54		
?				52		
?				46		
L	190	51	31	29	52	F	1198
L	185	50	31	26	50	F	1167
L	185	50	29	26	51	F	1167
L		57	34			
L		54	32			
L		60	35			
L				40		
L		64	37		M?	
L		54	32	31		
L		56	34			
L		54	34			
L		52	32			
R Cervus		44	25			
l-maximum length 2-proximal epiphysis breadth 3-maximum proximal antero- posterior diameter				4-minimum diaphyseal breadth 6-distal epiphysis breadth 9-presumed gender 10-height (see Boessnek 1971, 270)		
The identified metacarpal fragments are largely coming from adult specimens.
Distal epiphyseal parts are ossified, evidence of origin in a minimum 9 specimens over
2-2.5 years of age. The single clues concerning younger animals are provided by 4 dis-
tal fragments of the left limb distally unossified, indicator of minimum 4 specimens
under 2 years of age.
Due to the proximal epiphysis fragments, the estimation of the minimum num-
ber of specimens based on this skeletal segment rises to 14.
Noticeably, these fragments exhibited no sub-pathological aspects specific to ani-
mal draught16 and many of them showed cut marks.
16 Bartosiewicz, van Neer, Lentacker 1997, 189.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center
Only a single identified fragment was assigned with certainty to species Cervus
elaphusx7.
Gender discrimination was made based on diaphyseal and epiphyseal index values
(where possible) and on more complex graph methods targeting comparative metrical
aspects (in the case of several Roman period sites). Thus, we may argue that a com-
plete fragment comes from a male and the rest of the complete fragments come from
females. In the case of the graph representation, other two males may be supposed
based on the metrical data of the proximal epiphysis.
Height estimation was possible in the case of 5 complete bones - those of the
right limb provided the height for 1489 (male) and 1123 (females) and those of the
left limb, the values of 1198 respectively 1167 mm (all females)18.
Femur
Proximal femoral fragments are represented by articular and nonarticular parts.
Most exhibit complete ossification, evidence of origin in specimens over 3.5 years of
age19. One of the left limb fragments, massive, still unossified, belongs to a specimen
younger than 3.5 years of age. The identified distal fragments (the distal breadth of
2 fragments is of 95 mm) cannot but to confirm the supposition that minimum 3 speci-
mens (of the estimated 5) over 3.5-4 years of age20 existed.
No chop marks were noticed on these fragments.
libia
Proximal tibial fragments come from 4 specimens over 3.5-4 years of age21.
The identified distal tibial fragments come from a minimum 5 specimens of Bos
taurus over 2 years of age22. A single fragment was identified as certainly coming from
a Cervus elaphus specimen23.
Notably, some of the fragments exhibited burning traces.
Part	12	3 4
L R cervus R R R R L R 1-proximal epiphysis breadtl 2-distal epiphysis breadth	72 53	34 60 60 60 85	39 84 84 3-maximum length 4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
17 Prummel 1988, 3-52.
18 Boessnek et alii 1971.
19 Schmid 1972, 75.
20 Schmid 1972, 75.
21 Schmid 1972, 75.
22 Schmid 1972, 75.
23 Prummel 1988, 3-52.
184
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Tarsals
There were identified 5 right limb and 4 left limb calcanei. The ossified calcaneal
tuberosity in all 5 calcanei of the right limb points to 5 specimens over 3 years of age.
A single left limb fragment had unossified tuberosity, evidence of origin in a specimen
younger than 3.5 years of age24.
Typical meat removal traces were noted, some of the fragments having the calca-
neal tuberal portion cut off.
Part	1
R L	132 123
l-maximum length
Astragali (counting 8, 7 of the left limb and 1 of the right limb) could be mea-
sured, being not very decayed.
Part	1	2
L	71	65
L	61	56
L	64	59
L	66	61
L	56	51
L	58	54
L	56	52
R	74	70
l-maximum externai length
2-maximum internai length
The morphological features of species Cervus elaphus were not identified.
The identified cuboscafoids are rather small in size and they might belong to
species Cervus elaphus, however for the lack of specific diagnosis elements they were
assigned to the general group of large ruminoids.
Metatarsals
The identified metatarsal fragments were entirely assigned to species Bos tau-
rus, lacking other morphological aspects leading to the estimation of different species.
One may determine that the distal epiphysis fragments come from a minimum 8 speci-
mens over 2-2.5 years of age25.
Part	1	23456	9	10
L L L	28	56 56 56
24 Schmidt 1972, 75.
25 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center
L				23	48		
L		49	48	34			
L		42	40	32			
R	244	57	52	30	63	m	1464
R				21	47		
R					60		
R					62		
R					48		
R				30	54		
R				29	55		
R					56		
R		36	38				
R		44	44				
R		45	44				
R		42	40				
R		45	43				
R		53	49				
R		52	49				
l-maximum length
2-proximal epiphysis breadth
3-maximum proximal antero-
posterior diameter
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
5-minimum diaphyseal antero-posterior
diameter
6-distal epiphysis breadth
9-presumed gender
10-height (see Boessnek 1971, 270)
Height may be recalculated for the single complete bone identified. We suppose
it comes from a male specimen, whose recalculated height is of 146 cm.
Noteworthy, sub-pathological signs specific to draught animals26 were not visible
at the level of the distal metatarsals and only a small number of fragments exhibited
cut marks on their surface.
Phalanxes
A rather large number of phalanxes were identified, however data of certain sig-
nificance are provided by the proximal phalanxes. Noticeably, among these fragments,
we suppose the existence of minimum 3 fragments that pertain to species Cervus
elaphus.
	1	2
	65	28
		28
	52	21
		26
	56	25
Cervus	65	18
Cervus?	54	20
Cervus?	53	20
	55	24
	56	27
26 Bartosiewicz, van Neer, Lentacker 1997, 89.
186
Alexandru Ion Gudea
59
56
65
55
63
63
65
66
67
63
55
57
65
62
62
62
67
64
64
61
26
22
22
28
22
25
28
31
33
29
28
28
27
27
28
26
24
26
25
28
24
l-maximum length
2-minimum diaphyseal breadth
Cranium
The fragments identified as neurocranium parts come largely from periorbital
and cranium base parts. One should not neglect the rather large ratio of frontal bone
fragments. Often, cuts are noticeable (most likely made by a saw) on the horn core for
detachment from the skull.
Horn core parts (12) could be measured at base. Data are illustrated in the table
below:
R
R
R
R
R
L
L
L
L
L
L
1
59
45
57
53
67
55
75
54
56
52
55
71
38
67
40
2
47
38
51
45
52
44
54
40
41
38
44
60
35
52
32
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central’’ shopping center
54- 45
44 35
57 44
53 35
43 38
1-anteroposterior diameter
2-lateral diameter
Unfortunately, the lack of consistent comparative data allows no hazardous esti-
mations on horn types. It is though certain that the flattening index is rather broad
in variation, ranging from 92 to 66, with values predominantly placed in the 75-85
interval. Additionally, it was noted that very small-sized fragments were present beside
large, massive fragments, however such data could not be correlated with obvious
morphological distinctions.
Maxilla
We chose to make a separate description of maxilla fragments since most often
this category of bone fragments provides information on animal age classes by the
presence of dental series and wear stages.
Since not all fragments have complete molar rows, age estimations were made by
inclusion (where the material made it possible) upon age classes or by estimation of a
minimum limit of animal age27.
Part	Present dental element	Wear degree	2	Age class
L	PM3, M2	M2+/-	82	Over 2-2.5 a
R	PM3, M2	M2+/-		Over 2-2.5 a
L	PM3, Ml, M2			2.5-3 a
L	PM1, PM2, PM3	PM3+		Over 2.5-3 a
L	Ml, M2	Slightly worn		Over 1.5-2 a
L	PM1, PM2, PM3	Unworn		Over 2.5-3 a
L	Ml, M2, M3		73	Over 2.5-3 a
L	Ml			Over 2.5-3 a
L	PM2, PM3, Ml, M2, M3	M3+/-	72	3.5-5 a
L	PM2,pM3, Ml, M2, M3	M3 exiting		2.5-3 a
L	Ml, M2, M3	M3+/-	82	3.5-5 a
L	Ml, M2			Over 2.5 a
R	MlsM2	Unworn		Over 1.5-2 a
R	PM2, PM3, Ml, M2, M3	M3 not reaching at level	81	2.5-3.5
R	M3	M3+/++		3.5-5 a
R	Ml, M2, M3	M3+/-	79	2.5-3,5 a
R	Ml, M2, M3	M3+/++		3.5-5 a
R	Ml, M2, M3	M3+/++		3.5-5 a
R	PM2, PM3, Ml			Over 2.5-3 a
R	M2, M3			Over 2.5-3a
27 Grigson 1985, 7-19; Haimovici, Teodorescu 1995, 195-208.
188
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Part Present dental element	Wear degree
R	PM1-M3	M3+/-
R MlsM2
2
70
Age class
2.5-3.5 a
Over 2-2.5 a
2-lenght of jugal teeth
Based on these fragments we estimated a minimum number of 11 specimens
whose age upon sacrifice could be framed in the case of minimum 3 specimens in the
3.5-5 interval and for other 3 specimens in the 2.5-3 age interval, other 5 specimens
remaining framed in the category over 2.5 years of age and another in the category
over 1.5 years, whilst for the last two categories it was impossible to establish an upper
limit.
Mandible
Mandibular fragments are in greater numbers and comprise rather complete
dental series. In the case of these fragments also, we categorised the identified por-
tions in 3 classes: mandibular ramus parts (the most important), articular angle parts
and symphyseal parts.
In the case of mandibular ramus parts, we collected several metrical data like
those referring to eruption and wear stages and estimated, based on their quality,
either distinct age classes or minimum age limits28.
’art	Present dental	Wear	Estimated	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
	element	degree	age		f8)	(9)	fl8) (17) (16) (10) (11)				
R	PM1-M3	M3+/-	2.5-3.5 a	132	61	70	42	51	78	35	14
R	M2, M3	M3++	5-7 a						67	40	16
R	PM3		2.5-3.5 a		86			56	84	38	16
R		M3 exiting	2-2.5						74		
R	PM3-M3	M3+, PM3	3.5-5 a		87			51	74	37	13
		unwom									
R	Ml, M2		Over 2.5-3.5 a					64			
R	Ml, M2		Over 2.5-3.5 a					44			
R	M3	M3+	3.5-5 a							38	14
R	M3	M3 unworn	2.5-3.5 a							32	14
R	M1-M3	M3++	5-7 a							38	16
R	PM2-M3	M3+/++	3.5-5 a		87					37	15
R	M2, M3	M3+	3.5-5 a								13
L	Ml, M2		2.5-3.5 a		87						
	M3	M3 unworn	2.5-3.5 a							34	13
	PM1, PM2		Over 2-2.5 a						67		
	PM2-M1	Anomalies worn M1++	Over 2.5-3.5 a								
	M1-M3	M3+	3.5-5 a		87					36	15
	M2		Over 2.5-3 a							42	15
	M1-M3	M3+	3.5-5 a		85					36	16
	M1-M3	M3 unworn	2.5-3.5 a	139	86	55		48	70	36	13
	M1-M3	M3 unworn	2.5-3.5 a		84			48	73	36	11
	M3	M3 exiting	2.5-3								
	M3		Over 2.5-3 a							42	15
28 Grigson 1985, 7-19; Haimovici, Teodorescu 1995, 195-208.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 189
PM1-PM3	2.5-3
| Ml	Over 0.
1-lenght of jugal teeth (by alveoli)
2-molar length
3-premolar length
4-height of ramus before P2
5 y
5-height of ramus before Ml
6-height of ramus after M3
7-M3 length (by the occlusal surface)
8-M3 breadth (by the occlusal surface)
Based on the number of this segment fragments, one may estimate a minimum
number of 14 specimens. Corroborated data regarding the eruption and dental wear
for these segments allowed us to frame one specimen in the 2-2.5 age interval, mini-
mum 5 in the 2.5-3.5 age interval, other 5 in the 3.5-5 age interval and minimum 2 in
the 5-7 age interval. In addition, we estimated a minimum 4 specimens over 2.5-3.5
years of age, however their maximum age limit could not be established.
Chop marks made by knife or saw were noticeable on many of these fragments.
Vertebrae
Vertebral fragments are rather many, yet they provide few data for our analysis.
The identified cervical vertebrae are generally fragmentary. Ossified fragments
predominate, however a rather large number of still unossified fragments were exam-
ined. In addition, sagittal or parasagittal sectioning was noticed.
The identified thoracic vertebrae (most numerous) are present by spinal apo-
physis parts, the majority broken at the level of the vertebral arch and by much less
numerous fragments of vertebral body. The ratio between the ossified and unossified
fragments is rather equal, indication of present specimens over and less than 7-8 years
of age29. Sagittal and parasagittal cuts on vertebrae were noted.
Capriovids
Bone	Rjght limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Coxal bone	2	2	5 paleta
Femur		3 pe 1 de	1 pe
Humerus	5 de	4 de	
Mandible	24 mandibular ramus 6 articular angle	9 mandibular ramus 3 articular angle	5 articular angle
Metacarpals	9, 3 Capra	12, 3 Capra	1
Metatarsals	5	6	2
Neurocranium	31,1 Capreolus		
Radius	1 pe Ide	1 pe	1 diaf
Ulna			
Scapula			
Calcaneus	2 Capriovids 1 Capreollus	2 Capriovids	
Astragalus	2	1	
Tibia	3	7	
29 Schmid 1972, 75.
190
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Vertebrae	1 axis 2 cervical 3 lumbar
Phalanx I	1
Maxilla	2	1
Teeth	7M-PM
Ribs	164
Scapula
The identified scapular fragments are mainly articular parts. Noteworthy is
a small fragment, very porous, whose articular angle is missing, most likely due to
the fact it belonged to a young specimen (1-2 months old). The other fragments
appear with ossified glenoid cavity, evidence of origin in specimens over 4-5 months30.
Additionally, the morphological aspects show that at least one fragments comes from
Capreollus capreollus. The rest of the fragments are assigned to the generic group of
the capriovids.
The identified fragments do not exhibit obvious traces of cuts or processing.
Humerus
Distal humeral fragments are ossified, yet most often exhibit cut marks resulting
in the rupture of the articular formations. The single clue provided by these segments
is that of origin in specimens over 6 months old31. We could not identify species Capra
hircus based on anatomical elements.
Radius
Only 3 fragments of this segment were identified, 2 of the right limb (proximal
epiphysis, distal epiphysis) and one of the left limb (distal epiphyseal part).
Part	3	4	6
R		27	
L		28	
R	26		
3-distal epiphysis breadth
4-proximal epiphysis breadth
6-minimum diaphyseal breadth
7-minimum diaphyseal perimeter
8-distal articular side breadth
Single determinations allowed concern the estimate age of a specimen - over 3.5
years of age (completed distal ossification)32. We could not make specific identifica-
tions, bones being assigned to the capriovids group.
30 Schmid 1972, 75.
31 Schmid 1972, 75.
32 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 191
Metacarpals
The identified metacarpal fragments come from a minimum number of 12 speci-
mens. In the case of most of them the estimated age stage is that of mature-adult,
young pieces being missing. The epiphyseal stage at distal level was noted in 5 frag-
ments only, evidence of their origin in specimens over 18-24 months old33.
Specific anatomical aspects34 led to the certain35 identification of 3 right limb and
3 left limb fragments of species Capra hircus, the rest belonging to species Ovis aries.
Part	1	2	4	6	7	8	12	13
R		26	18				C	
R		28	15				C	
R	117	27	17	29	17	10	C	67.2
R	155	26	16	29			0	75.1
R		27	15				O	
R		27	16				O	
R		25	16				O	
R		25	14				O	
R			17	29			O	
L		27	18				C	
L		27					C	
L			17				C	
L		27	16				O	
L		28	15				C?	
L		26	13				O	
L		26	14				O	
L		26	16				o	
L		26	16				o	
L		25	14				o	
L	134	25	14	28	16.4	11.5	o	64.9
L				29	17.4	12.4	o	
				28	17	12	o	
1-maximum length
2-proximal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
6-distal epiphysis breadth
7-depth medial verticillus = anteroposterior diameter of the medial verticilus
8-medial trochlear condylus depth = breadth of the medial condylus exterior part
12-gender/sex
13-height3S
According to the metrical data, we could recalculate height in the case of 3 frag-
ments, of which one of Capra. The height for Ovis is of 75 and 64 cm and for Capra
of 67 cm.
We mention that no chop marks are obvious on these fragments.
35 Schmid 1972, 75.
34 Boessnek 1969, 331-351.
35 Prummel, Frisch 1986, 556-557.
36 Boessnek 1971, 289.
192
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Femur
Femoral fragments belong to the left limb mainly and frame in the generic group
of the capriovids. They come from minimum 2 specimens over 3-3.5 years old (ossified
proximal epiphysis) and another juvenile specimen (porous aspect). Another non-
assigned fragment evidences the existence of another juvenile specimen37. The only
distal epiphyseal fragment could be measured at this level, having a distal breadth of
43 mm.
Metatarsals
Most of the identified fragments consist of diaphyseal and distal epiphyseal parts.
Except for a single fragment, all are distally ossified, indication of origin in specimens
over 18-24 months old38. The previously mentioned fragment comes from a specimen
estimated as neonate or, most likely, juvenile.
Part	1	2	4	6	12	13
R		25	14		O	
R		22	13		O	
R			14	27	O	
R	157		16		O	71.4
L			15	29	C?	
L		23	14		0	
L			13		O	
L		27	16		?	
L			14	23	0	
L	139	21	13	24	o	63.2
L	156	24	14	28	o	70.9
l-maximum length
2-proximal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
6-distal epiphysis breadth
12-gender/sex
13-height39
In the case of one fragment we suppose origin in species Capra hircus, however
the statement is still hypothetical, the rest of the fragments being assigned to species
Ovis aries.
Based on total length, we recalculated the height in the case of 3 bones. Values
are between 63 and 71 cm.
37 Schmid 1972, 75.
38 Schmid 1972, 75.
39 Boessnek et alii 1971, 289.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 193
libia
The identified distal epiphyseal fragments are assigned mostly to species Ovis
aries^ except for one left limb fragment which, most likely, comes from Capraw. All
specimens (7) have been estimated at over 15-18 months old41.
Part	1 2	3	4
	24		14
R	27		14
R	24		13
L Capra	32		20
L	26		15
L	27		16
	30 27		18
1-proximal epiphysis breadth
2-distal epiphysis breadth
3-maximum length
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
Calcaneus
Of the 5 identified calcaneal fragments, one that belonged to the right limb was
assigned to species Capreollus capreollus. The fragments assigned to sheep are not ossi-
fied at the tuberosity level, indication of an age less than 3 years old42. Notably, some
of the fragments exhibit cut marks.
Cranium
Cranium fragments were divided into 3 broad categories - the “cranium base”
fragments - occipital, parietal and temporal, including some fragments of horn core
base, horn core and splanchnocranium parts (mostly maxilla fragments).
For the capriovids group we identified 16 cranium base fragments (including
4 periorbital fragments), all assigned to species Ovis aries.
Among horn core fragments are noticeable a horn fragment assigned to species
Capreollus capreollus (in the second or third year of life) and 2 fragments assigned,
most likely, to species Capra hircus.
Mandible
Predominant mandible elements were those of mandibular ramus (33 fragments).
There were also identified fragments of articular parts (condyli, retrocondylian apo-
physis). Most consistent data are provided by the teeth at the level of the mandibular
ramus - classification upon age categories (classes) or either minimum or maximum
age limits upon death43.
40 Boessnek 1969, 331-351.
41 Schmid 1972, 75.
42 Schmid 1972, 75.
43 Schmid 1972, 75; Haimovici, Teodorescu 1995, 195-208.
194
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Notable is the presence of minimum 1 specimen of species Capra hircus among
the identified fragments.
Part	Present dcntal element	Wear degree	Estimated age	1 (7)	2 (8)	3 (9)	4 (18)	5 (17	6 ) (16)	7 (io;	8 (H)
R	PM1-M3	M3+	2-4 a	72	49	23	17	21	38	21	8
R		M3 growing	2-2.5 a								
R	M1-M3	M3 ++/+++	5-7 a		52				39	25	9
R	PM3-M3	M3++	4-5 a					25	41		
R	M2, M3	M3++								22	8
R	PM2-M3	M3-/+	2-3 a					22		23	7
R	PM3-M3	M3++	4-5 a		49			24		23	9
R Capra		M3 broken	Over 2.5-3 a								
R		M3 growing	2-2.5 years								
R	PM3-M3	M3+	2-4 a							21	8
R	Ml, M2		Over 1 a								
R Capra?	M2, M3	M3-/+	2-3 a							23	9
R	PM3-M3	M3-/+	2-3 a							20	7
R	Ml	Ml erupted	Over 6								
			months								
R	Ml, M2		Over 1 a								
R	Ml		Over 6								
			months								
R	pm		Under 6								
			months								
R	M3	M3+	2-4 years							24	9
L	PM1-M3	M3+	2-4 a	75	51	24	21	25	40	21	8
L	Ml, M2		Over 1 year								
L	M1-M3	M3++	4-5 years								
L	pm-Ml	Ml growing	6 months								
L		M3 growing	2 years								
L	M3		Over 2.5								
			years								
L	M2-M3	M3++	4-5 years							22	9
L	M2-M3	M3-/+	2-3 years							21	8
L	pm		Under 6								
			months								
1-lenght of jugal teeth (by alveoli)			5-height of ramus prior Ml								
2-molar length			6-height of ramus				past M3				
3-premolar length			7-M3 length (by occlusal					sur	face)		
4-height of ramus prior P2			8-M3 breadth (by occlusal surface)								
Corroborated data referring to age result in the following age divisions: mini-
mum 2 specimens in the 0-6 months interval, 8 specimens in the 2-4 years interval (of
which minimum 5 in the 2-3 years interval), 3 specimens 4-5 years old and one in the
5-7 years interval. In addition, further minimum 4 specimens over 1 year were noted,
however the upper age limit could not be established in these cases.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center
Maxilla
This category includes in fact splanchnocranium parts, which includes the upper
dental series (incisor bone parts, palatine bone included and so on). The number of
these fragments is much smaller (only 3 parts), yielding only a few age-related data.
Thus, in the case of one fragment coming from species Capra hircus we estimated an age
of approximately 2 years, for another (right side), an age of 2 years and one of 4-5 years.
Sivine
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Coxal bone			5
Denture	3 dogs Sus ferrus		
Femur			1 pe
Humerus	2	6	
Mandible	10 mandibular ramus	14 mandib- ular ramus	1 simphysis
Maxilla	7	9	
First metacarpals	3 mc III Imc IV	1 mc III 2 mc IV	
Secondary metacarpals			
First metatarsals	3 mt III 3 mt IV	4 mt IV	
Radius	1 pe		3 diaf
Scapula	7	5	
Tibia	4 de 2 pe	3 de 1 pe	2 diaf
Ulna	3	7	
Phalange	1 prox		
Astragalus	1		
Vertebrae	4 atlas Cervical Vert -3 Lumbar 3		
Scapula
The identified fragments preserve the articular angle, whose ossification is com-
pleted. The porous aspect of the fragments pleads for their origin in young specimens
(5 of the 7 estimated specimens based on the frequency of this skeletal segment),
whose age may be estimated to a few months. Resulted metrica! data are rendered in
the table below:
Part	4	6	7
L L L L L R	23	30	22 26	24 24 23 21 25	28	24
196
Alexandru Ion Gudea
R
R
27	28
21
4-antero-posterior diameter of the collum
6-antero-posterior diameter of the glenoid cavity
7-diameter
Most of the fragments exhibit cut marks at the level of the scapular spine, some
of them resulting in severing the spine tuberosity as well as the cut off of the supragle-
noid tuberosity.
Humerus
Distal part fragments are all calcified, indication of their origin in specimens
over 6 months. Morphological features as well as size aspects point with certainty to a
fragment coming from the wild species (boar Sus scrofa ferrus)^.
Part	3	4
R	36
L	15
L	35
L	36 16
L	38
L	38
L	38
L S.s.ferrus	56 23
l-maximum length
2-proximal epiphysis breadth
3-distal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
Ulna
The 10 identified fragments comprise articular portions, the tuberosity being
cut in most fragments (making thus impossible any age limits estimations). A single
robust fragment exhibits an obvious unossified tuberosity, indication of origin in a
specimen younger than 3-3.5 years of age45.
Femur
Only a single unossified proximal epiphyseal fragment was identified, evidence of
origin in a young specimen below 3.5 years of age46.
Metapodials
A total number of 5 metacarpals were identified. Among, 2 metacarpals IV
(right-left) are unossified, indicatory to a specimen younger than 2 years of age; other
44 Bokony 1995, 3-11.
45 Schmid 1972, 75.
46 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 197
2 metacarpals III are also unossified. In the metatarsals’ case, circumstances are some-
what similar, a single metatarsal IV and III right, both unossified47 being examined.
There are a few complete fragments, on the basis of which we may recalculate height.
	1	2
Mc III R	73 75
McIVL	64 64
MTIVL	81 71
MTIVL	75 65
MTIVL	92 80
Mt III R	71 66
Mt III R	69 65
l-maximum length
2-recalculated height
Recalculated values48 are placed between 64 and 80 cm.
libia
The identified fragments are assigned to the domestic species, any morphological
indication for their assignment to the wild species being inexistent.
The identified proximal epiphyseal fragments point to a specimen over 3.5 years
of age and to one younger than this age (proximal ossification stage)49. Due to the
porous aspect visible in the unossified fragment, we tend to believe it belongs to a
young specimen.
Distal epiphyseal fragments are all ossified, evidence of origin in individuals over
2 years of age (minimum 4 specimens). In the case of one fragment we may speak of
a more accurate estimation, it being almost complete, exhibiting an ossified distal
epiphysis (hence a specimen of 2-3.5 years of age). Notably, in this fragment we iden-
tified a healed fracture at diaphysis level. The calcification process evolved deficiently,
leading to a marked change of the bone radius.
Part	1	2	4
L	48		
L			19
R			20
L		31	
L		31	22
L		28	19
R		27	19
R		30	
1-proximal epiphysis breadth
2-distal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
47 Schmid 1972, 75.
48 Udrescu, Bejenaru, Hriscu 1999, 98.
49 Schmid 1972, 75.
198
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Astragalus
We identified a single astragalus fragment of the right limb. Height could be
recalculated based on metrical data - 81 cm.
Part 11	2	3
[44	40	81
1-externai length
2-internal length
3-height50
Mandible
Based on the available material, we collected data referring to the wear stage and
dental eruption51 as well as to the size of the molar series or molar 3.
Part	Present den- Wear		Estimated age	1	2 (8) (9)	5	4	5	6	7	8 (13)
	tal element	degree			(11) (21) (20) (19) (12)	
L	M2, M3	M3++	4-6a		28	14
	PM3-M3 M3 M2 Pm Ml PM4-M1 Pm PM1-PM4 Pm C, I	M3++ M3+/++ M3 in alveoli Ml erupted Ml non-erupted	4-6a 4-6a 1.5 a Under 6 months 0.5-1 a Over 1 year Under 6 months Over 2 a Under 6 months Over 1.5 a	68	32 30	15 14
R	PM1-M3	M3+	2-4a M2	M2,M3	1-1.5	a non-erupted M3	growing	1-1.5 a M3	growing	1-1.5 a M3	M3+/++	4-6a C-PM2	Over 1-1.5 a I3-ml	Lacteal	Under 6 months Pm	Under 6 months Pm	Under 6 months Ml, M2	Over 1 year Ml	Over 0.5 a 1-lenght of jugal teeth (by alveoli) 2-molar length 3-premolar length 4-height of ramus before P2			100 65 34 43 42 49 30 34 5-height of ramus before Ml 6-height of ramus after M3 7-M3 length (by occlusal surface) 8-M3 breadth (by occlusal surface)		15 15
50 Boessnek 1971, 305.
51 Schmid 1972; Haimovici, Teodorescu 1995, 95.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 199
Correlation of data referring to age with those resulting from the estimation of
the minimum number of specimens (14) distribute 4 specimens in the 0-6 months
interval, other 4 in the 1-1.5 years interval, one specimen in the 2-4 years interval and
3 specimens in the 4-6 years interval. Moreover, in the case of 2 or 3 specimens, age
estimations are allowed only in the minimum value limit (over 1 year, over 2 years).
Maxilla
Maxilla fragments are less numerous than mandible fragments. Collected metri-
cal data target in only two cases the length of molar 3 (31/16, 32/17).
Corroborated data (few) referring to dental eruption and wear allow us to esti-
mate a specimen younger than 6 months, 2 individuals of 2-4 years of age, one over 4
years (specimen for which specific Identification tends to place it among the wild spe-
cies) and of other 3 or 4 specimens over 1 year of age.
Equine
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Scapula	2	1	
Humerus	Ipe Ide	Ide	
Radius	4		
Femur	1 pe	1 diaf	2 condili
Cuboid bone	1		
Tibia	1		
Astragalus	2		
Calcaneus	1		
Phalanx I	3		
Phalanx II	3		
Phalanx III	1 Equs asinus		
Metatarsal III		1	2
Metacarpal III			2
Denture	6 molars		
Mandible	2		
Vertebrae	cervical 1		
			
Scapula
3 scapular fragments were identified, two of the right limb and one of the left limb.
Part	4	6	7
R R L	60 51 54 48 65 60 47
4-AP minimum diameter of the collum
5-DAP in the articular process
6-DAP glenoid cavity
200
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Notably, the fragments exhibit no chop marks.
Humerus
3	humeral fragments were identified, one proximal and 2 distal. The single indi-
cations they provided are those age-related (given the proximal and distal epiphyseal
stage), namely we may estimate a specimen over 3.5 years of age and another over
15-18 months old52. We benefit of only 2 measurements - distal epiphysis breadth of
77 mm and distal, of 43 mm.
Radius
4	radial fragments were identified, all belonging to the right limb. Among, 2 frag-
ments are complete bones and other two are distal epiphysis fragments.
Part	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
R	337	329	330	67	75	35		70	60	9.4	142,8
R							77	65			
R				72	64						
R E asinus?	227			60	50	32				7?	759?
l-maximum length
2-physiological length
3-lateral length
4-proximal articular side breadth
5-proximal epiphysis breadth
6-minimum diaphyseal diameter
7-minimum diaphyseal perimeter
8-distal articular side breadth
9-distal articulation breadth
10-diaphyseal index
11-height53
Notably, this last fragment may likely belong to a donkey, however due to the
presence of a rather large quantity of material similar to slag, precipitated on the
bone surface, it is impossible to provide a more accurate diagnosis54, metrical data also
pleading in favour of such assumption.
Based on metrical data we could recalculate the height of one of the specimens,
resulting a value of 142 cm. According to the Vitt scale55, this specimen is by the limit
between classes 5 and 6. For the specimen supposed Eqns asinus, the approximate
height (for the lack of the lateral length value) is around the value of 75 cm.
Completed ossification at distal level pleads for the existence of 4 specimens over
3.5 years of age56. Concurrently, it is noteworthy that bones do not exhibit cuts.
52 Schmid 1972, 75.
53 Boessnek et alii 1971, 452.
54 Peters 1998, 328.
55 Lauwerier 1988, 145.
56 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 201
Metapodials
Only a few metapodal fragments were identified, reason for which they were
described together. They are 2 metacarpals whose limb assignment could not be pre-
cise, as well as 3 metatarsals of which one was assigned to the left limb.
Part	6	7
Mt	32	
Mc		48
Mc		49
Mt		49
6-minimum diaphyseal breadth
7-antero-posterior minimum diaphysis diameter
8-distal epiphysis breadth
The single data referring to age are those given by the ossification degree: the
bones come from specimens over 12-15 months old57.
Based on comparisons with the material in the comparative collection, we may
subjectively appreciate the origin of these fragments in specimens of average sturdi-
ness. It is also worthy of mention that no processing or cutting marks were found.
Femur
The 2 identified femoral fragments (a femoral head part and one distal diaphysis)
provide no metrical data. The single obtainable data are those age-related: the speci-
men (specimens) seems to have been over 3-3.5 years of age5H.
libia
Only a single tibial fragment was identified, whose proximal epiphysis is missing.
The completed distal ossification (distal breadth 69 mm, diaphyseal breadth 38 mm) is
indicative of a specimen over 2 years59.
Notably, on the distal part of the cranial side of the bone cut marks are visible,
most likely as consequence of skinning.
Phalanxes
A total number of 7 phalanxes were identified. They are 3 proximal phalanxes,
3 medial and one distal assigned with certainty to species Equs asinus.
1	4
FI 77
FI 85
FI 83
F2 50
33
35
35
44
57 Schmid 1972, 75.
58 Schmid 1972, 75.
59 Schmid 1972, 75.
F2 46 47
F2 46 47
l-maximum length
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
Subjective and comparative estimations concerning the specimens in the compar-
ative collection led us to small to average heights, however height cannot be estimated
exactly. In addition, we noticed the presence of a reduced exostotic formation by the
proximal articular surface rim of a medial phalanx.
Mandible
Two mandible fragments coming from 2 different specimens were identified.
One of the fragments, which also preserves the simphyseal part bears the incisors,
based on whose wear degree we estimated an approximate age of 5-6 years60 and, due
to the presence of the cuspids, we assume origin in a male. The other mandible frag-
ment exhibits a complete premolar series and Ml. Based on these data, we may only
estimate a relative age, establishing the minimum limit - over 3 years old61.
Canidae
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Scapula	2		
Humerus	1	1	
Radius	1		
Tibia	1 Vulpes		
Metapodials	1 mt III, 1 mc		
Denture	3 molars 1 premolar		
Vertebrae	1 lumbar 1 cervical		
Scapula
For this segment were identified 2 scapular fragments coming from the right
limb. We could measure the articular angle, whose DAP minimum of the collum is 25,
27 mm respectively (to the second fragment) and the DAP minimum articular pro-
cess is 31 mm. These metrical data are yet insufficient to recalculate height, however
subjective estimations made in comparison to the specimens in the comparative col-
lection of the Comparative Anatomy Department pointed to average to large height
specimens with average slenderness.
Humerus
A single complete bone of the right limb was identified. Several measurements
were taken in this case, as shown below:
60 Morar, Pusta 1994, 89.
61 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 203
Part 11	5	6	8
7	|168 42 12 “
l-maximum length
5-DAP proximal
6-minimum diaphyseal breadth
8-maximum trochlea breadth
The recalculated height points to values over 56.6 cm (Koudelka), respectively
54.9 cm (Harcourt)62, while the recalculated diaphyseal index is 7.14. This includes the
specimen in the category of average height63, average sturdiness64 dogs.
Completed ossification is an indication of origin in a specimen over 1 year old65.
Radius
A dog radius with pathological aspect was identified. This is a curving of the
bone radius resulting in a visible change of the bone anatomy (the specific identifica-
tion itself was difficult originally), namely a marked curving both anteriorly as well
as the presence at the caudal surface level of the superior third of the diaphysis of a
bone reconstruction process (without the emergence of proper bone callus), which
yet resulted in the formation of small cavities in the compacta area, this being a
hyperostosis process with the exacerbation of bone reliefs and the emergence of
those relatively circular cavities. These aspects may be the consequence of an osteo-
myelits process or more exactly of a granulomatous inflammatory process whose
possible cause might have also been an ulna fracture, subsequently healed deficiently
with the attachment in the inflammatory mass of this proximal part of the radius
caudal face66.
The bone comes most likely from a small size specimen, its total length being
approximately 210 mm (measured from the proximal to distal epiphysis).
libia
A single proximal tibial fragment was identified (proximal epiphyseal
breadth = 22 mm) assigned to species Caniș vulpes.
Cranium
An almost complete cranium of a Caniș familiaris specimen was identified and
the measurements below were taken.
62 Boessnek et alii 1971, 258.
63 Udrescu 1990, 98.
64 Udrescu, Bejenaru, Hrișcu 1999, 56.
65 Schmid 1972, 75.	’
66 We wish to thank Professor Cornel Cățoi in the Department of Pathological Anatomy with the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, for his help in the Identification and description of the
pathological aspects.
204
Alexandru Ion Gudea
1___8_____25	6
205 105 106 40
1.	acrocranion-prosthion length
8. nasion-alveolar length
25. Dt bi-zygomatic
6. DT palate at the canine alveoli level
The dental series is sufficiently complete on both arcades, while only the right M2
and left Mlbeing missing from alveoli. Dental wear is not pronounced. These data allow
the estimation of a specimen over 6 months old, however we believe it is an adult specimen.
Indices calculated with the aid of the previously mentioned measurements show a
cephalic index of 51.7, a muzzle index of 51.21 and a muzzle breadth index of 37.7367.
Vertebrae
Two vertebral fragments were identified, one cervical (C3 or C4) and one lumbar.
The fragments exhibit no processing or chopping traces and are ossified, indication of
origin in specimens over 18-24 month old68.
lllh-12th centuries sample
Large ruminants
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Scapula	2 articular angle		3 (scapular blade)
Metacarpals			2 ed
Metatarsals	2	1	3
Humerus	2 ed	4 ed	
Radius	2 ed	1	ep 2	ed 1 ed Cervus elaphus	1 ep
Ulna			
Coxal bone			4
Femur		1 ed osif	2 head (1 unossified)
Tibia	2 ed 1 ep	1 ep	
Astragalus	2		
Cuboscafoid	1		
Mandible	4 articular angle	1 articular angle 3 ram	1 ram
Vertebrae	7 cervical 4 thoracic (ap spinal)		
Ribs	32		
Maxilla		3	1
67 Udrescu, Bejenaru, Hriscu 1999, 98.
68 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 205
Bone	Right limb	| Left limb	| Uncertain
Neurocranium	3 horn core (2 small) 3 fr neurocranium
Phalanx I	4 (Gl= 57,55,62,55)
Phalanx II	2
Phalanx III	1
Denture	13 molars
Scapula
The scapular fragments comprise 2 articular angle parts (collum
breadth = 60.48 mm) and other 3 scapular body fragments with different scapular
spine portions.
Humerus
The 2 right limb fragments and the 4 left limb fragments consist of distal epiphy-
seal parts. All are ossified, indication of origin in minimum of 4 specimens over 1.5
years of age69.
Radius
Among the radial identified fragments, one is certainly coming from species
Cervus elaphus. The distal epiphyseal fragments are ossified, indication of origin in
specimens over 3.5-4 years old. The distal breadths are placed in the 72-60 mm inter-
val (for Bos taurus fragments), while for the Cervus fragment the value is 52 mm.
There is another left proximal epiphyseal fragment, 69 mm wide, assigned to species
Bos taurus.
Metapodials
Part	2 (4)	4 (6)	6 (9)
MtR	44	22	
Mt R	39	22	
Mt L	39	20	
Mtfp		25	51
2-proximal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
6-distal epiphyseal breadth
In the case of metacarpal fragments, we only speak of elements related to the
animals’ age upon death, namely over 2-2.5 years old (distal completed ossification70).
Metrical data are unavailable due to the destruction of the found distal epiphysis parts.
A few parțial metrical data are available though for metatarsals, however not
enough to recalculate height. There are 2 fragments whose distal ossification is not
completed, indication of the existence of 2 specimens sacrificed under the age of 2.5
69 Schmid 1972, 75.
70 Schmid 1972, 75.
206
Alexandru Ion Gudea
years and another fragment pointing to ages higher than 2.5 years71. A single frag-
ment could be measured, having a distal breadth of 65 mm.
Tîbia
The distal epiphyseal fragments are ossified, evidence of origin in 2 specimens
over 2-2.5 years old72. The values of the distal breadth are of 58 and 52 mm (small com-
pared to the comparative material), while the proximal epiphyseal fragments could
not be measured, however relative estimations point to normal sizes.
Cranium
Due to the fact that not all fragments have complete molar series, any age-related
estimations were made by including (where the material allowed) them in age classes
or by estimating a minimum limit of the animals’ age73.
Part	Present denture Wear Age class element	degree
MxL MxL Mdb L Mdb L Mdb L	PM2-M2	Over 2.5-3	a PM2-M1	Over 2.5-3	a PM2 s 3	Over 2 a Ml, M2	Over 1-1.5	a PM3, Ml	Over 2.5-3	a 2-lenght of jugal teeth
The number of mandibular fragments allows the estimation of a minimum num-
ber of 4 specimens. Age estimation based on dental eruption and wear allows us to
include a minimum 2 specimens over 2.5-3 years and another over 1-1.5 years old.
Capriovids
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Scapula	1 juvenile	1	9 scapular body
Metacarpals	1	3	
Metatarsals	2	1	1
Humerus	2 (1 juvenile)	2 de	1
Radius			3 diaf
Femur	1 ep unossified		
Tibia	2 ed	1 ed	
Mandible	8 1 articular angle	4	
Vertebrae	1 axis 2 cervical 2 lumbar		
Ribs	14		
71 Schmid 1972, 75.
72 Schmid 1972, 75.
73 Grigson 1985, 7-19; Haimovici, Teodorescu 1995, 195-204.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 207
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Maxilla	2		
Neurocranium	2 horn core, 1 Capra		
Denture	1 incisor 1 molar		
Metapodials
Both identified metacarpals and metatarsals comprise proximal diaphysis and
epiphysis fragments and not distal epiphyses, hence age estimations are impossible.
A few metrical data could be identified in the metacarpals’ case:
Part	2 (4)	4 (6)
McL	23	14
McL		14
McL	23	14
McR	24	15
2-proximal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
Notably, all fragments were assigned to species Ovis aries^ without any suspicion
concerning Capra presence among the identified bones.
libia
A few distal tibial fragments were identified. Completed ossification at distal
level is indicative of origin in minimum 2 specimens over 15-18 months old74. The
distal epiphyseal values are placed in the interval 25-30 mm (30, 27, 25 mm).
It is possible that one of the fragments assigned to the right limb to come from
Capra, however this is only likely for the lack of clear morphological distinction elements.
Mandible
Part	Present denture element	Wear degree	Estimated age	7 (12)	8 (13)
Mdb R	pm		Under 0.5 a		
Mdb R	PM growing Ml,		1.5-2 a		
	M2				
Mdb R Capra	Ml, M2		Over 1 year		
Mdb R	M1-M3	M3+	2-4 a	21	8
Mdb R	PM1-M1		Over 2 a		
Mdb R	PM1, PM2		Over 1.5-2 a		
Mdb L	PM2-M3	M3 growing	2.5-3 a		
Mdb L	pm2,pm3,Ml		1-1.5 a		
	Pm		Under 0.5 a		
7-M3 length (by occlusal surface)
8-M3 breadth (by occlusal surface)
74 Schmid 1972, 75.
208
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Based on the number of mandibular fragments, we estimate a minimum number
of 8 specimens. The identified morphological data indicate the presence of a Capra
hircus species individual among the studied fragments.
Dental eruption and wear stages allow the estimation of a specimen younger
than 0.5 years, of one of 1.5-2 years, of 2 over 2-3-4 years old and of another 3 speci-
mens over 1 year; the maximum limit could not be specified.
Swine
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Scapula	3	1	
Metacarpals/secondary metatarsals			1
Humerus	1 ed	1 ed	
Ulna			1 unossified olecran
Femur	1 ed unossified		1 femoral head
Rotula			
Tibia	1		
Mandible	2		3 simphysis 1 recurved part 1 articular angle 1 mandibular ramus
Vertebrae	1 axis		
Denture	1 incisor 2 cuspids		
Unidentified			
Scapula
The identified fragments include parts of articular angle. Collum breadth was
measured at their level - 25, 23, 26 mm. Other data could not be obtained at this level.
Craniu m
We included in this category the elements that contain dental series - maxilla
and mandible.
Part	Present	Wear	Estimated	7	8 denture	degree	age	(12) (13) element
Mdb Mdb Mdb R Mdb fp	C-PM4	Over 1-1.5	a I3-PM3	Over 1 a M2-M3	M3-/+	2-4 years	26	13 Lacteal	Under 6 months
Mx	PM3-M2 M2 +++	Over 2-4 years 7-M3 length (by the occlusal surface) 8-M3 breadth (by the occlusal surface)
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 209
Mandibular and maxillary fragments allow the estimation of minimum 3 speci-
mens. One may argue the existence of a juvenile individual younger than 6 months of
age and of other specimens over 1-1.5 years, of which one 2-4 years old.
Equine
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Proximal phalanx			1
Humerus		2	
Humerus
2 humeral left limb fragments were identified, comprising distal diaphyseal and
epiphyseal parts. The completed ossification at this level points to the origin of these
bones in 2 specimens over 1.5 years.
Part	2	3	4
L L	74	77	34 70	74	34
2- distal articular surface breadth
3- distal epiphysis breadth
4- minimum diaphyseal breadth
16lh - 17u' centuries sample
It represents the second in size among the studied samples, comprising bones
from the following species with the listed features:
Large ruminants
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Scapula	1	2	1
Metacarpals	3		2
Metatarsals	3	1	1 juvenile Cervus? 1 diaphysis
Humerus	2 1 unossified ep 1 hum head 2 pe, diaf	4	1 diaf Cervus?
Radius	2	3	
Ulna	2	1	1
Coxal bone			6 acetabulum 6 ilium fragments
Femur	2 femoral head 1	proximal diaphyseal port 2	distal diaphyseal port 1 ed	2 distal diaphyseal port 2 ed	
210
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Tibia	1	1	2
Calcaneus	1		
Astragalus	2	1	
Cuboscafoid			1
Capitato-trapezoid			
Mandible	1 symphyseal portion 2 articular angle	1 symphyseal portion 1 articular angle	3 symphyseal portions 1 condil
Vertebrae	2 atlas 2 axis Cervical 5 Thoracic 9, 2 unossified body Lumbar 5		
Ribs	23		
Maxilla	4		
Neurocranium	2 horn core 2 periorbital fr 13 large size fr ffrontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid)		
Phalanx	5 FI		
Denture	Incisors 1 Molars 6		
Scapula
In the case of the thoracic zonoskeleton were identified scapula neck fragments,
whose breadth is between 56 and 58. Noticeably, the fragments exhibit cut marks,
resulting in severing the supraglenoid tuberosity or the spine tuberosity.
Humerus
The distal epiphysis portions are distal ossified, evidence of origin in minimum 4
specimens over 1.5 years of age75.
Part	3	4
L	75	36
L	72	36
L	84	
L		32
3-distal epiphysis breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
Another unossified proximal epiphysis part originates in a specimen younger
than 3.5 years of age76, while a proximal part may likely come from a Cervus elaphus
species individual, however for lack of proximal epiphysis elements this is only likely.
75 Schmid 1972, 75.
76 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 211
Radius, ulna
The identified stylopodium fragments provide a few data connected to the ani-
mals’ age upon death. The distal epiphyseal complete ossification in the radius parts
evidences minimum 3 specimens over 3.5 years77, the same indication being provided
by the found olecranon fragments and the olecranon tuberosity.
Coxal bone
The identified coxal bone fragments provide no significant data. There were
identified 6 acetabulum fragments and other 6 iliac body fragments. Notably, these
segments exhibit chopmarks, including cuts at the iliac body level in order to split and
section the carcass.
Tarsals
A right limb calcaneal fragment was identified, which exhibits a transversal cut
at the level of the calcaneal tuberosity, resulting from dismemberment procedures.
The ossification at the tuberosity level points to origin in a specimen over 3 years old78.
The 3 identified astragali could be measured, having total lengths of 58, respectively
59 mm (those of the right limb). The left limb exhibits a saw cut by the distal trochlea.
Metapodials
Part	1	2 (4)	3 (5)	4 (6)	6 (9)	9	10
Mc fp				31	58	F	1205
Mc fp				31	71		
McR	191	57	36	33	61		
McR		60	36				
McR		63	36				
MtL	204	40	39	23c	47	f	1148
Mt L		52	46				
MtL		48	45				
Mt R		48	47				
1-maximum length
2-proximal epiphysis breadth
3-maximum proximal antero-posterior diameter
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
6-distal epiphysis breadth
9-presumed gender
10-height79
In the metacarpals’ case, a complete fragment Corning from a female specimen
over 2.5 years old was identified. The recalculated height is of approximately 125 cm.
It is worthy of note that another minimum 2 specimens over 2.5 years may be
estimated based on the identified distal metacarpal fragments.
77 Schmid 1972, 75.
78 Schmid 1972, 75.
79 Boessnek et alii 1971, 458.
212
Alexandru Ion Gudea
We identified 4 metatarsal fragments (3 of the left and one right limbs).
Most likely, the proximal fragments also come from adults, however for the lack
of distal epiphyses this statement is relative. Only in the case of the complete
metatarsal we may argue it comes from a specimen over 2.5 years old80, while the
gender discrimination points to the fact it is a female with a recalculated height
of 115 cm.
Noticeably, in the case of the metatarsals’ category, a diaphyseal fragment may
likely be assigned to the juvenile individual of species Cervus elaphus.
Phalanx
Proximal phalanxes provided a few metrical data listed in the table below:
	1
	66 57 63 63 59
1-maximum length
Cranium
Among cranium fragments, worthy of interest are 2 small horn core bases, of
short type, whose base diameters are of 35/30 respectively 45/39 mm. The flattening
index is similar for both fragments, being placed in the interval 85-86.
The identified mandible fragments provide insufficient information due both to
their marked fragmentation as well as the lack of denture elements.
Two right fragments were identified in the case of the maxilla, provided with
some dental elements:
Part	Present	Wear	Estimated 1	2 denture	degree	age	(7) (8) element
Maxila R Maxila R	Ml PM3-M1 Over 2.5-3 a	78 1-lenght of jugal teeth (by alveoli) 2-molar length
The single data that may be distinguished are those referring to the possible age
of a specimen-over 2.5-3 years81, without the possibility to set up an upper limit.
It is worth mentioning that the identified neurocranium fragments are less com-
mon, meaning they are very well preserved and less fragmentary.
80 Schmid 1972, 75.
81 Schmid 1972, 75.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 213
Capriovids
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Femur	1 ed		
Humerus		led	
Mandible	1		
Metacarpals	2		
Metatarsals		2	
Radius		2	
Scapula	1 juvenile		
Vertebrae	4 cervical (3 unossified) 5 thoracic (2 unossified) 3 lumbar (1 unossified)		
Ribs	19		
Cranium
This category includes both neurocranium as well as splanchnocranium fragments:
Part	Present denture element	Wear degree	Estimated age
R	Pm		Under 6 months
Radius
The 2 radial fragments comprise proximal epiphyseal and diaphyseal fragments
Qep-25/29, ld-16/17). The single data referring to age are those indicated by the prox-
imal ossification, however only as minimum age limit - over 3 months82.
Metapodials
Part	1	2	4	6	12	13
MTL	134	21	12	25	O	
MT1		21	12		O	
MCr		27				
1-maximum length
2-proximal epiphyseal breadth
4-minimum diaphyseal breadth
6-distal epiphysis breadth
7-medial verticilum depth = anteroposterior diameter of the medial verticilum
8-depth of medial trochlear condylus = medial condylus outer part breadth
12-gender/sex
13-height83
82 Schmid 1972, 75.
83 Boessnek 1971, 289.
214
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Metacarpal fragments are assigned to an individual of Ovis aries species and an
individual of Capra hircus. The fragment assigned to the Capra comes from a younger
specimen, under 18-24 months old84.
The metatarsal is assigned to species Ovis aries and comes from an adult speci-
men with an estimated height of 64.9 cm85.
Swine
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Coxal bone			2 fr acetabulum
Humerus		led	
Mandibula		2	
Maxilla	2		
Calcaneus			
First metacarpals	1 mc III		
Secondary metacarpals			
First metatarsals		1 mt III wild boar 1 mt IV	
Radius	1		1
Scapula	1 juvenile		
Tibia		2	
Ulna		1	
Vertebrae			1 atlas
Cranium
Due to the poor numerical representation, we preferred to describe the fragments
under the general term of cranium. Here are included both the splanchnocranium as
well as neurocranium elements.
Part	Present denture element	Wear degree	Estimated age	2 (9)	7 (12)	8 (13)
Maxila R	M1-M3	M3 erupted, atlevel	1.5-2 a	69	32	16
Maxila R	PM4-M3	M3 broken	Over 1.5-2 a			
Mandible L	M1-M3	M3 erupted, at level	1.5-2a	60	25	14
Mandible L	M3	M3++	4-6 a		26	14
2-molar length
7-M3 length (by the occlusal surface)
8-M3 breadth (by the occlusal surface)
Age-related data show the existence of specimens aged over 1.5-2 years, even of
an older specimen, framed in 4-6 years age class86.
84 Schmid 1972, 75.
83 Boessnek et alii 1971, 289.
86 Haimovici, Teodorescu 1995, 195-208.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center
Metapodials
There were identified 3 metapodal fragments. They include 1 metacarpal III of
the right limb, with a total lenght of 67 mm. It comes from a specimen over 2 years
old, with a recalculated height of 68.9 cm. A distal unossified metatarsal III (indicative
of origin in a specimen younger than 2 years) definitely comes from a Sus scrofa ferrus
species individual, with an approximate length of over 100 mm.
Radius, ulna
The identified radius fragments (one of the right limb - ld-19 mm, led-31 mm,
one not-assigned) are distally ossified, indication of origin in specimens over 3.5 years.
Olecranon fragments point to a specimen over 3 years87. There are no further metrical data.
Tibia
The 2 left tibial fragments are not ossified distally, indication of origin in 2 speci-
mens younger than 2 years of age88. In addition, in the case of one of the fragments we
could approximate a total length of ca. 180 mm (lep 41 mm, Id 20 mm, led 29 mm),
which allows us an estimation of a 71 cm height (Teichert)89.
Equine
Bone	Right limb	Left limb	Uncertain
Knee cap	1		
Anterior scaphoid			1 Eq asinus?
Only a few number of bone fragments were assigned to this species, therefore
descriptions are not necessary.
Notably, a fragment may likely come from species Equs asinus.
Investigation results - Roman period contexts
Identified species
Domestic species
Bos taurus
Ovis aries
Capra hircus
Equs cabalus
Sus scrofa domesticus
Caniș familiaris
Wîld species
Sus scrofa ferrus
Capreollus capreollus
Cervus elaphus
Caniș vulpes
Sus scrofa ferrus
87 Schmid 1972, 75.
88 Schmid 1972, 75.
89 Udrescu, Bejenaru, Hriscu 1999, 87.
216
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Equs asinus
Ursus arctos
Gasteropode
++ certain identified species
+species whose presence is likely
Bone ratios of main sample species
Species	NISP	%	MNI	%
Large ruminants	835	61.5	17	26.2
Capriovids	340	25	24	36.9
Sus scrofa dom	125	9.2	14	21.5
Equs caballus	36	2.7	4	6.2
Caniș familiaris	13	1	3	4.6
Equs asinus	2	0.5	1	1.5
Cervus elaphus	3	0.2	1	1.5
Sus scrofa ferrus	4	0.3	1	1.5
Total identified	1358		65	
Unidentified	22 fragm.			
Large size animals	Scapula			
(equine-bovids)	30 fr ilium			
	32 vertebrae			
	423			
Unidentified average size	10 fr diaf			
animals	humerus			
(Capriovids-swine)	164			
Total NISP	2039			
When analysing data resulted from the percentage calculation of the number
of identified bones, alike that of the minimum number of specimens, one may argue
that the three represented species are the bovids, capriovids and swine. Even though
from the number of remains standpoint bovid remains dominate, capriovids prevail as
number of specimens. Nonetheless, when also computing their ratio in human nutri-
tion by using the sheep- equivalent one may argue that bovids ranked first in the food
economy, followed by swine and capriovids.
Noteworthy, circumstances are common, being found in almost all studied
Roman period sites.
Survival rate of various body segment bones
	Bone segment	Large ruminants	Capriovids	Swine
Anterior limb skeleton	Scapula	26		12
	Humerus	20	9	8
	Radius,ulna	34		14
	Carpals			
	Metacarpals	42	22	7
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 217
	Bone segment	Large ruminants	Capriovids	Swine
Posterior limb skeleton	Coxal bone	20	9	5
	Femur	23	5	1
	Tibia	16	10	12
	Tarsals	19	8	1
	Metatarsals	36	13	7
		45	1	
Cranium	Phalanx	105	47	41
	Neuro cranium	72	31	
	Denture	64	7	3
Spinal column	Cervical vertebrae	46	3	7
	Thoracic vertebrae	44		
	Lumbar vertebrae	7	3	3
	Sacral vertebrae			
	Coccygeal vertebrae			
	Ribs	243	164	
				
For a clear image of the preservation and Identification means of the bone frag-
ments, we drafted a chart for the preservation means of the various skeletal elements
according to their origin in various body segments.
One may note from the chart below that for the three main species (bovids, caprio-
vids, swine) the preservation means are somewhat similar and typical for archeofaunal
218
Alexandru Ion Gudea
samples of domestic waste type, namely that distal fragments survived in the case
of the limb skeleton (they are both less fragmentary following the sectioning-meat
removal process as well as less “interesting” due to the poor meat coverage).
In the axial skeleton case (head, spinal column) the predominance of splanch-
nocranium, teeth and, possibly neurocranium fragments is normal, while the vertebrae
fragments are on a descending curve due to strong fragmentation, consequence of
carcass splitting.
Data on the identified species
Bovids
The overwhelming majority of the bone fragments included in the large rumi-
nants category come from bovids (Bos taurus).
The estimation of the minimum number of specimens points to the existence of
minimum 17 specimens. Age structuring indicates the predominance of adult speci-
mens. Thus, the most accurate categorisation is allowed for the identified mandible
fragments. Specimens aged between 2.5-3.5 years old (5 specimens) and 3.5-5 years
old (5 specimens) predominate.
Recalculated heights correlated to gender estimations point to the presence of a
male with an approximate height of 150 cm (148 cm based on metacarpals, 149 cm based
on the radius), while for females, recalculated heights are between 112 and 119 cm.
Moreover, it is noteworthy that where estimations concerning the horn type were
possible, the predominant flattening index was between 75 and 85.
Typical marks for meat removal were visible, which suggests human consump-
tion (including traces of carcass splitting into semi-carcasses by sagittal or parasagittal
cutting at the spinal column level). Correlation between the predominant sacrifice age
and the fact that females predominate (even though the number is rather small) is
indicative of a mixed breeding system, utilitarian-nutritional.
Capriovids
The capriovids group includes bone fragments coming from 3 species- namely
the sheep-OfM aries^ goat-Capra hircus and roe Aeer-Capreollus capreollus. Where pos-
sible, the species were morphologically divided, and where impossible, bones were
framed in the generically termed category of the capriovids.
The minimum number of the estimated specimens for the generic group is 24. We
could clearly distinguish from this number a minimum number of 3 goat specimens, the
existence of another 1 or 2 specimens of this species being also presumed. Additionally,
it is certain that an individual in the Capreollus capreollus species was present.
In age structuring, the most accurate estimation was made in the case of man-
dible fragments (for approximately 18 specimens). At least one specimen of species
Capra is over 2 years old, while the Capreollus individual is over 2 years old. The rest
are predominantly framednn the 2-4 years category (8 specimens), 4-5 years (3 speci-
mens), 5-7 years (1 specimen), while 2 specimens were determined as juveniles (group
0-6 months). For other 4 specimens, we may only argue they are over 1 year of age.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 219
Recalculated heights point to a value of 67 cm for Capra and values of 75, 65, 71,
70, 63 cm for Ovis.
Swine
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) is prevalent among the identified bones.
There were also identified a few fragments assigned to the wild species (wild boar).
The minimum number of specimens may be prefigured at the mandibular frag-
ments level-14 specimens, this segment being also that which provides the most
accurate data concerning age at the time of death. It may be argued that specimens
over 1 year old predominate, more exactly those in group 1-1.5 years, followed by
those in group 4-6 years (4 specimens established for each of these classes). We may
also argue that the group of juvenile specimens (0-6 months) holds a rather significant
ratio, 4 specimens being included in this category.
Based on the collected metrical data, we recalculated heights, whose value is
comprised in the interval 64-81 cm (most of the data were supplied by metapodials).
Equine
Identified in all Roman archeofaunal samples, horse bones are not missing from
our sample as well. The identified number of the fragments is small, which makes any
appreciation related to species rather poor. Based on the frequency of certain skeletal
elements we estimated 4 specimens, whose age is over 3.5 years old. The mandibular
fragments provide certain additional information concerning one of the specimens,
namely that is was aged 5-6 years.
Notably, 2 bone fragments were assigned to the donkey (Equs asinus), the rest
being designated horse bones (Equs cabalus).
Height could be recalculated only for a single specimen, it being of 142 cm. This
height frames in class 5-6 of the Witt scale. Other appreciations (subjective) led us to
the idea of the existence of one/several smaller height specimens.
In addition, it is worth mentioning that at horse bone level no meat removal
traces were noticed, most likely fine skinning prints being visible only in a single case.
Canidae
The small number of bones assigned to this group does not allow for many con-
clusions. Most of the fragments come from dog (Caniș familiaris'), with a fragment
belonging to the fox (Caniș vulpes).
In dog, the minimum number of estimated specimens is 3. Amongst, we calculated
for one individual a height of - 54-56 cm, with a diaphyseal index of 7.14, indication of
an average height and slenderness specimen. In other specimen we estimated subjec-
tively an average to high height, while another individual, exhibiting the pathological
aspects noticed in the radius, was included in the small or sub-small height category.
Other species
Even though their identification was mentioned in the above groups, it is proper
to specify again that the studied sample included also red deer bones (Cervus elaphus').
220
Alexandru Ion Gudea
roe deer (Capreollus capreoollus), wild boar (Sus scrofa /emis) in very small propor-
tions, however normal within such a sample. A relatively large number of bird bones90
(approximately 20 fragments) were also identified, mostly coming from chicken
(Gallus gallusf
In addition, our analysis identified a single bone fragment each coming from fox
(Caniș vulpes) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) and a few snail shells (gastropods).
Investigation results: llth-12lh centuries contexts
Identified species
	Domestic species
	Bos taurus	++ Ovis aries	++ Capra hircus	++ Equs cabalus	++ Sus scrofa domesticus	++ Wild species Cervus elaphus	++
++species identified with certainty
+species whose presence is likely
Bone proportions within the sample
Species	NISP	%	MNI	%
Large ruminants	122	56.6	4	25
Capriovids	68	31.5	8	50
Sus scrofa dom	23	10.6	3	18.8
Equs caballus	3	1.6	1	6.3
Unidentified	20			
Large size animals				
(equine-bovids)				
Unidentified average size animals	13			
(Capriovids-swine)				
Data concerning the identified species
Large ruminants
Except for a single bone fragment, identified with certainty as Cervus elaphus,
the rest of the fragments were attributed to bovids (Bos taurus).
The minimum number of specimens where bones originate is 4. Corroborating
the few data resulting from these bones analysis, both from the appendicular skeleton
as well as the axial skeleton, we may argue that all the 4 specimens were over 1.5 years
old, with the mention that for 2 of them, we could estimate a more restricted interval
- over 2-2.5 years.
90 Bird bone material was analysed by an ornithologist - Dr. Erika Gal from the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences of Budapest, however the analysis results are still forthcoming.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central" shopping center
Height could not be estimated, metrical data for such recalculation being
non-existent.
Capriovids
Of the total 68 bone fragments, only one was assigned with certainty to species
Capra hircus, the rest being attributed to the generic group of the Capriovids (the
majority coming most likely from Ovis aries).
The minimum number of specimens is 8. Estimations based on dental wear stages
point to predominant adults - 6 specimens over 1 year old, of which 1 is 1.5-2 years,
2 are 2-3-4 years old and other 3 were estimated over 1 year old (with the mention of
the existence of a juvenile-younger than 6 months).
Swine
The single discernable data concerning this group of species refer to age estima-
tions for the 3 specimens. Thus, there is a juvenile individual (younger than 6 months),
one of 2-4 years and another of over 1-1.5 years.
We could not specifically identify the wild species.
Equines
No data related to this species may be distinguished.
Investigation results: 16ll,-17lh centuries contexts
Identified species	Domestic species
	Bos taurus	++ Ovis aries	++ Capra hircus	++ Equs cabalus	++ Sus scrofa domesticus	++ Wild species Cervus elaphus	+ Sus scrofa ferrus	++ Equs asinus	+ ++ species identified with certainty + species whose presence is likely
Bone proportions within the sample
Species	NISP	%	MNI	%
Large ruminants	132	68.4	4	36.4
Capriovids	41	21.2	2	18.2
Sus scrofa dom	17	8.8	3	27.3
Equs caballus	2	1	1	9.1
Sus scrofa ferrus	1	0.5	1	9.1
222
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Unidentified	124
Large size animals	7 ribs
(equine-bovids) Unidentified average size animals (Capriovids-swine)	9 ribs
Data concerning the identified species
Bovids
Except for 2 fragments whose assignment is uncertain (possible deer origin), the
rest of the bones were assigned to the bovids (Bos taurus).
The estimation of the minimum number of specimens points to minimum 4 speci-
mens of species Bos taurus. Age could be determined for minimum 3 specimens as
being over 3.5 years. Heights were recalculated for 2 bones. The recalculated values
are of 115, respectively 125 cm in the case of 2 females.
Noticeably, in the case of 2 horn cores we dealt with a small, short type horn,
with a flattening index of 85-86.
The bones exhibit cut marks, evidence of carcass splitting for consumption
purposes.
Capriovids
The very small number of the identified fragments pointed to an individual in
Ovis aries species and of one Capra hircus.
Height was recalculated for the Ovis specimen, being 64.9 cm (adult specimen).
We could not recalculate height for Capra, a young specimen, less than 18-24 months old.
% NISP in Roman sites
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center	223
Swi ne
The number of estimated specimens is 3. Amongst, 2 individuals of species Sus
scrofa domesticus are younger than 2 years (for one estimations are more precise -
1.5-2 years according to the dental eruption stage), and another is 4-6 years old.
Recalculated heights are of 68.9 and 71 cm respectively.
There was also identified an individual in Sus scrofa ferrus species.
Equine
Only 2 bones were identified, of which one may likely come from a donkey, how-
ever clear morphological elements are missing.
No estimations related to the species morphology may be made.
Conclusions
WRH for cattle in Roman sites
The archaeological sites comprising inhabitancy levels with such an ample chro-
nology are relatively few. Circumstances in this case are rather peculiar, in the sense
that faunal samples were assigned to the Roman period, to an llth - 12th centuries’
medieval sample and to one dating to the 16th - 17th centuries. Unfortunately, the
sizes of the collected samples differ: the Roman sample is representative by the total
number of identified bones (over 1000), while the llth-12th centuries and the 16th-17th
centuries sample hardly exceed 200, respectively 190 identified fragments.
224
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Capriovids' WRH in Roman sites
85
80
75
70
05
60
55
50
77
73.8
■ 67 7
TOT
66.8
68 3
63 3
£CL6_________
■ 57.7
1 I 71 3
71 8
--------------
68.9 I I 68 8
_	□ 72
■ 70.9
61.7
□ 627
77.1
1 I 63.9“ 64 6
53.4
51 3


69T
For the Roman period sample, we may establish the guidelines related to the fea-
tures of the identified animals: the domestic refuse character and the prevalent ratio
of the three species of nutrițional character - bovids, capriovids and swine. Moreover,
the so-called secondary species were also identified - horse, donkey, dog whose pres-
ence is also common in archaeofaunal samples. It is also worthy of note the fact that
the Roman period sample from the town at Napoca, Cotită Street, also revealed the
presence of game among domestic waste, with a rather broad range of species - red
deer, roe deer, wild boar, even brown bear -, the proportion of these bones being,
WRH for swine in Roman sites
85
81
80
78
76
75
722
71.4
70.8
70
■ 68
I 67.06
Ah
! '
00
•WRH ruin
■ WRH max
55
WRH aviy
rj-
-----------
■ 72.1
76
73.7
72 1
66 5
50
72.1	«	734
58.9

Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center 225
as one would expect, much reduced. This is indicative of the infrequent or recreațional
nature of an ancient occupation - hunting.
Comparisonelements are available for severalcontemporary sites researched archae-
ofaunally91. Unarguably, from the main identified species proportions view, our sample
WRH for horse in Roman sites
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
S«P
is no different than the others (despite the subjective comparison made based on the
number of identified fragments -NISP- and not that of the estimated specimens -
which is impossible due to the heterogeneous available data), with a relatively large
proportion of cattle bones and rather small proportion of domestic pig bones. This is
not confirmed by estimations based on the number of specimens, showing the rela-
tively equal ratio of cattle and domestic pig bones, with a slight difference compared
to cattle bones. It is though obvious that the largest ratio in nutrition as meat source
belongs to cattle, by the large quantity supplied by one individual, comparatively to
that supplied by sheep or pig.
Morphological aspects of the species may be specified for this Roman period
sample as well: thus, in cattle, there were specimens used for both utilitarian as well
as for nutrition purposes, predominating specimens sacrificed when adult (2.5-5 years
old), with heights in females of 112-119 cm and in the single identified male - of
148-149 cm. The comparison with other Roman sites yielded a similar situation - the
value range for cattle heights starts still from around 100-110 cm values, with an
average value placed around 120 cm. Maximum values (like in fact in most cases) are
assigned to males (marked by arrow in the chart), yet in most cases they are singular
values whose ratio in the recalculated value series is rather small.
For capriovids, sheep bones among those identified is certam. The age when these
specimens were sacrificed furthermore evidences a mixed system (utilitarian- wool,
milk - nutrițional), yet with a few nuances. This means that adults were preponderant,
91 Gudea 2005,103-289.
226
Alexandru Ion Gudea
more precisely the specimens sacrificed at ages over 2 years old (the largest ratio
belonging to specimens in 2-4 years old group), however juvenile specimens should
not be neglected, evidence for their limited use as food source. Heights determined for
sheep point to specimens 63-75 cm tall, and for Capra - a 67 cm height.
WRH for dog in Roman sites
These aspects are specific to Roman samples taken as element of comparison,
mean values being obviously placed in the same 65-70 cm interval, the range of the
minimum and maximum values being less narrow than in other investigated sites92.
The domestic pig was obviously exploited for food purposes. Evidence to this
effect is the heterogeneous structure of the sacrificing age, with the ratio preservation
of specimens over 1 year old, yet with the rather uniform distribution of the juvenile,
young and adults. Heights are between 64 and 81 cm. Available comparative data93
show that the average value is placed in the same mean interval calculated for most
of the other sites, the single different element being that of the existence of a single
maximum value of 81 cm exceeding the recalculated maximum values.
In horse, we calculated a single height - 142 cm - which, from the view of the
few available data, is no element of novelty, the value being incorporated in the series
of values obtained from other sites (even though for this species not only heights were
compared but also the sturdiness index values for a more clear image).
In dog, we determined a single height for the site on Cotită Street - 54-56 cm.
The comparison with sites of same type is hindered by the small number of estimations
for this species94.
92 Gudea 2005,123-289.
93 Gudea 2005, 123-289.
94 Gudea 2005.
Fauna identified subsequent to rescue excavations performed at “Central” shopping center Qfffl
Above species is no object of food consumption, their remains being commonly
identified in such samples.
The transition to the level dating to the ll‘b-12111 centuries does not allow many
comparisons. Due to the small number of identified bones for each species, an objec-
tive comparison of the features of the sample itself (the range of identified species) as
well as of the noted morphological data is impossible. It seems that the food pattern
includes the same 3 species - bovids, capriovids and domestic pig, possibly a higher
ratio of capriovids and likely, the higher ratio of sacrificed adults in this group. In the
domestic pig’s case, circumstances seem identical to those in the Roman period sample.
The sample belonging to the 16th-17th centuries provides a few additional elements.
The slightly broader species range is noticeable (comparative to the lRb-1211' centuries’
sample) as well as the slightly more numerous morphological data. The three main
species are numerically represented in common proportions, with almost a numerical
equality of the number of estimated number of specimens, however the predominant
nutrițional ratio of the bovids is most obvious. The identified bovids were used based on
a mixed System, utilitarian-food source (which was marked by the age of sacrifice), and
determined heights for females are of 115-125 cm. In sheep, we could recalculate height
- 64.9 cm, and in the domestic pig, the recalculated heights are in the 68-71 cm interval.
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Bartosiewicz, van Neer, Lentaker 1997	L. Bartosiewicz, W. van Neer, A. Lentacker, Draught Cattle: Their Osteological Identification and History. Musee Royal del’Afrique Centrale Tervuren, Belgique, Annales Sciences Zoologiques 281, Tervuren 1997.
Boessnek 1969	J. Boessnek, Osteological Differences between Sheep (Ovis aries Linne) and Goat (Capra hircus Linne). In: D. Brothwell, G. Clark (eds.), Science and Archaeology, London 1969, 331-358.
Boessnek et alii 1971	J. Boessnek, A. von Driesch, W. Meyer-Lemppenau, E. von Ohlen, Die Tierknochenfunde aus dem Oppidum von Manching, Wiesbaden 1971.
Bbkony1995	S. Bokony, Problems with using osteological materials of wild ani- mals for comparaisons in archaeology, Anthrop. KbzL, 37,1995, 3-11.
Desse, Chaix, Desse- Berset 1986	J. Desse, L. Chaix, N. Desse-Berset, “Osteo”. Base-Reseau de donees osteometriques pour l’archeozoologie. Procedures, codages, exploi- tation des donnes, organisation du reseau, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 1986.
Ghetie 1971	V. Gheție, Anatomia animalelor domestice. Voi 1. Aparatul locomo- tor, București 1971.
Grant 1985	A. Grant, The use of Toothwear as a guide to the Age of Domestic Ungulates. In: N. R. J. Fieller, D. D. Gilbertson, N. G. A. Ralph (eds.), Paleobiological Investigations. Research, Design, Methods and Data Analysis, BAR, International Series 266, Oxford 1985, 273-258.
Grigson 1985	C. Grigson, Sex and Age Determination of some Bones and Teeth of Domestic Cattle. A Review of the Literature. In: N. R. J. Fieller, D. D. Gilbertson, N. G. A. Ralph (eds.), Paleobiological Investigations. Research, Design, Methods and Data Analysis, BAR, International Series 266, Oxford 1985, 7-19.
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Gudea 2005	A. Gudea, Studii osteologice în situri arheologice din Dacia romană, PhD, Facultatea de Medicină Veterinară, Universitatea de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca 2005.
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Morar, Pusta 1994	R. Morar, D. Pusta, Aprecierea vârstei si anomaliile dentare la ani- malele domestice, Cluj-Napoca 1994.
Peters 1998	J. Peters, Rbmische Tierhaltung und Tierzucht. eine Synthese aus archăozoologischer Untersuchung und schriftlich-bildlicher Uberlieferung, Passauer Univesităts Schriften zur Archăologie 5, Rahden-Westfaken 1998.
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Prummel 1988	W. Prummel, Distinguishing features on postcranial skeletal ele- ments of cattle, Bos primigenius f. taurus, and red deer, Cervus elaphus, Schriften aus der Archaologisch-Zoologishen Arbeitsgruppe Schleswig-Kiel, Heft 12, Kiel 1988.
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Schmid 1972	E. Schmid, Atlas of Animal Bones for Prehistorians, Archaeologists and Quaternary Geologists, Amsterdam-London-New York 1972.
Udrescu 1990	M. St. Udrescu, Date zooarheologice asupra resturilor de câini din așezarea civilă romană de la Stolniceni-Vilcea, Thraco-Dacica, XI, 1990,1-2, 263-267.
Udrescu, Bejenaru, Hriscu 1999	M. Șt. Udrescu, L. Bejenaru, C. Hrișcu, Introducere în arheozoolo- gie, Iași 1999.
Voișian, Bota, Ciongradi V. Voișian, E. Bota, C. Ciongradi, Betrachtungen iiber die Romerstadt
2000	Napoca. In H. Ciugudean, V. Moga (eds.), Army and Urban Development in the Danubian Provinces of the Roman Empire, Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis XV, Alba-Iulia 2000, 261-276.
Alexandru Ion Gudea
Department of Comparative Anatomy,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca
alexandru.gudea@usamvcluj.ro
Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 229-282
ROMAN REMAINS DISCOVERED
IN THE NORTH-EASTERN AREA OF NAPOCA
- THE RESCUE EXCAVATIONS AT 29 REGELE FERDINAND ST.1
VIORICA RUSU-BOLINDEȚ, MARIANA-CRISTINA POPESCU
Abstract: Duringthe rescue archaeological research carried out in the west side extension
of the building on 29 Regele Ferdinand St., we excavated the routes of a main drainage channel
and of one of its branches, belonging to the sewerage of the Roman town at Napoca throughout
its last stage of existence. They were definitely aligned to one of the main roads of the ancient
town, oriented north-south (one of the cardines). Respective finds are closely connected to those
surfaced in 2004-2005 in the same area (Regele Ferdinand St. no. 6, respectively the current
Commercial Galleries “Ferdinand Galleries”), where a main drainage channel, a secondary
drainage channel and one of its branches were identified, as well as part of the main roads of
Roman Napoca, oriented east-west - one of the decumani. The two types of remains are unique
for the Roman town, providing essential Information on its grid plan.
Concurrently, we obtained new data on the urban development of the ancient town
Napoca, by identifying, beside the mentioned sewerage, other of its development phases. Thus,
to the mid 2nd century AD belong the remains of an impressive building with stone wall and
mortar floors identified on the entire investigated surface. To another phase, framed likely to
the second half / the end of the same century, belonged the remains of a building with stone
groundwork and timber walls, destroyed by a strong fire.
Keywords: Roman Napoca; sewerage; grid plan; ancient urbanism.
Rezumat: în urma cercetării arheologice preventive desfășurate în anexa de pe latura de
vest a imobilului din str. Regele Ferdinand nr. 29, au fost dezvelite traseele unui canal colec-
tor și a unei ramificații a acestuia, ce aparțineau canalizării orașului roman Napoca în ultima
fază de existență a acestuia. Acestea erau cu siguranță aliniate la una dintre străzile principale
ale orașului antic, cu orientarea nord-sud (unul dintre cardin.es). Descoperirile respective sunt
în strânsă legătură cu cele făcute în anii 2004-2005 în aceeași zonă (str. Regele Ferdinand
nr. 6, respectiv actualele Galerii comerciale “Ferdinand Galleries”), unde au fost descoperite
un canal colector, unul secundar și o ramificație a acestuia, precum și o parte dintr-una dintre
străzile principale ale Napocăi romane, orientate est-vest - unul dintre decumani. Cele două
tipuri de vestigii sunt unicat în interiorul orașului roman, ele aducând informații esențiale cu
privire la trama stradală a acestuia.
Totodată, s-au obținut noi date cu privire la evoluția urbană a orașului antic Napoca,
prin descoperirea, în afara canalizării menționate, a altor faze ale dezvoltării acestuia. Astfel,
mijlocului secolului al Il-lea p. Chr. i-au aparținut vestigiile unei clădiri impresionante cu zid
din piatră și podea din mortar, descoperite pe întreaga suprafață cercetată. Unei alte faze, înca-
drabile probabil celei de-a doua jumătăți/sfârșitului aceluiași secol, i-au aparținut și resturile
unei construcții cu fundație din piatră și pereți din lemn, care a fost distrusă printr-un incendiu
puternic.
Cuvinte cheie: Napoca romană; canalizare; tramă stradală; urbanism antic.
1 At the rescue excavations participated students and MA students of the Faculty of History of the
Babeș-Bolyai University, the Archaeology Department: Lavinia Grumeza, Mihai Săsărman, Dan Deac,
Mihai Dunca, Daniela Culic, Vlad-Andrei Lăzărescu, to which we thank for their constant support and
competent awarded during the archaeological research.
230
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
I.	Introduction
1.	1. Location and circumstances of excavation
The building on 29 Regele Ferdinand St. (former Gh. Doja St.) is placed
within the ancient town, in an insula approximately by its north-eastern cor-
ner (PI. I"). It is located in the centre of the current city, at ca. 300 m north-east
St. Michael Roman-Catholic Church (Unirii Square), with main access from the
național road DN 1.
In this area, numerous remains and artifacts belonging to several historical
periods, from prehistory (Coțofeni and Sighișoara-Wietenberg cultures) to the medi-
eval period were identified on various occasions (building works or chance finds),
respective site being located both inside the Roman and the medieval towns. Roman
remains are best recorded, in the close vicinity of the discussed building (where
“Central” Department Store lies) being discovered two impressive Roman buildings
(likely temples), with columns, as well as many Roman artifacts (votive altars, pot-
shards, stamped bricks, tiles and shingles etc.). In front of the building on 29 Regele
Ferdinand St. surfaced roof tiles and shingles as well as much Roman pottery (see
bellow the history of research) were discovered.
Originally, given the nature of the works carried out by the Beneficiary (the
trading company Suerom Import Export LTD of Cluj-Napoca, represented by Turcu
Ovidiu lacob) - underground and outbuilding repairs and sanitation works - respec-
tive works, initiated in 2007, were supervised by Dr. Mariana-Cristina Popescu. Since
in the outbuilding underground surfaced the foundations of a Roman building, the
archaeological supervision became rescue archaeological excavation in 2009 in order
to unearth the discovered archaeological remains before existent spaces to be re-built
as commercial spaces.
I. 2. History of research
Prior to the archaeological research undertaken by us, archaeological finds dated
to various historical periods had been previously recorded in the area, amongst which
best evidenced are the Roman remains. Thus, in occasion of the building works per-
formed along streets Doja-Horea (from the northern corner of Unirii Square, to the
north-west, along Street Gh. Doja/Regele Ferdinand to the Someș river canal), were
identified several remains belonging to the Roman period, respectively the remains
of a heating installation (hypocaustum)2, which belonged to a building. In addition,
in front of the house no. 10 on Gh. Doja/Regele Ferdinand Street were discovered
Roman potshards; in front house no. 12 emerged ceramic pavement pieces, eight and
hexagonally-shaped. In front building no. 9, a column shaft and base surfaced3. In
front house no. 17, an altar dedicated to Silvanus Domesticus was unearthed and two
tegulae bearing the stamp of legio V Macedonica were retrieved from the front of
house no. 7-9; by the corner with E. Zola St., an anepigraphic altar and a column cap-
2 RepCluj, 131, no. 22 a.
3 Mitrofan 1976,199.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
231
ital were found4. Concurrently, in front of buildings no. 29 and no. 31 were identified
tiles and shingles, numerous terra sigillata fragments and common Roman wares5.
In 1975, during the construction works carried out for the construction of
“Central” Department Store on Gh. Doja/Regele Ferdinand St., corner with Cotită St.,
the ruins of a temple dedicated to Silvanus, Jupiter Optimus Maximus and the other
protecting gods and goddesses5 were excavated. Then, impressive architectonical ele-
ments were found: architrave fragments, stone columns shafts and bases, Corinthian
capitals, cornices as well as other building materials: bricks, tiles, shingles, tegulae
mammatae and an altar fragment, ornamented on one of the sides with grape bunches7.
The identified epigraphic altar together with the architectural pieces suggest the pres-
ence there of a monumental edifice. It might have been a temple dedicated to god
Silvanus, given the peripheral location8 compared to the forum or the seat of the impe-
rial procurator of Dacia Porolissensis9 . Moreover, previous archaeological research
noted intense medieval and modern settlement10 of the area.
Most recently, during the rescue archaeological research performed in 2004-
2005 at the “Ferdinand Galleries” on 6 Regele Ferdinand St., one of the main roads of
the Roman town, located in its north-eastern side, was found. It is one of the decumani
(oriented north-east - south-west), identified on a 4.10 m length and 1.70 m width, at
-2.15-2.20 m deep11. Moreover, respective monuments were preserved in situ at the
ground floor of “Ferdinand Galleries”.
Consequently, previous archaeological research evidenced firstly the existence of
impressive buildings dated to the Roman period, which is perfectly explainable since
they were located within the Roman town. In addition, the building on 29 Regele
Ferdinand St. lies within the medieval town as well, many medieval remains being
identified in the entire area in its close vicinity.
1.5.	Aim of the research
Given the historical-archaeological importance of the area, the aim of the
archaeological research was originally to supervise the repair and sanitation works
of the underground and outbuilding located on 29 Regele Ferdinand St. Such action
occurred over several stages (2007-2009), depending on the financial possibilities and
interest of the Beneficiary for the completion of the works on this building site.
The aims presented in the technical report - drainage and removal of waste and
debris deposited over time in the underground and outbuilding as well as the removal
of the infested soil, partially mud perimeter by a 0.80-0.90 m general excavation -
could have endangered any possible medieval and Roman remains. As a consequence,
when the upper part of some Roman walls surfaced in the outbuilding, it was decided
4	Mitrofan 1976, 199, PI. II; RepCluj, 131, no. 22 b.
5	RepCluj, 131, no. 22 c.
6	Mitrofan 1976, 200, PI. III; Rusu-Pescaru, Alicu 2000, 150.
7	Mitrofan 1976, 200.
8	Rusu-Pescaru, Alicu 2000, 150-151.
9	For this more recent theory, see Piso 2012; Diaconescu et alii 2012.
10	Mitrofan 1976, 199-200 and note 13.
11	Rusu-Bolindet 2007, 91.
232
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
that the archaeological supervision be replaced by a rescue archaeological research of
the area.
The outbuilding surface is 48.50 m2. We initiated a rescue archaeological
excavation of the outbuilding surface by dividing the area into four trenches, with
cross-shaped and 0.60 m width in-between. They were as follows: trench C I, of
5.65 x 2.20 m; trench C II, sized 4.40 x 1.10 m; trench C III, of 2.20 x 2.10 m; trench
C IV, sized 2.10 x 2.15 m (PI. I; VII). Given on one side, the little opportunity for
research due to the very small/narrow space and on the other, the collapse danger of
the foundations of the respective building (provided with ground floor), we performed
trial trenches inside these sections in order to clarify, even though partially, the site
stratigraphy. Thus, we dug a trial trench inside trench C I by its north-western extrem-
ity (west the Roman drainage found there), termed conventionally Cs 1 (PI. I; X/2;
XIII). Originally, the trial trench was 1.90 x 0.60 m and we reached on this portion a
depth of -2.88 m. Later, due to the collapse danger of the western wall of the Roman
drainage, as research should have continued below its groundwork, the trial trench
was made only on 0.60 x 0.40 m, reaching at a depth of -3.60 m, a layer of geologi-
cal gravei representing the natural soil. Concurrently, in the south-eastern extremity
of trench C I we excavated a 0.90 x 0.80 m trial trench, termed conventionally Cs 2
(PI. I; XII/3), designed to evidence the stratigraphy inside the Roman drainage and its
branch. Due to the proximity of the outbuilding access, we could not go deeper than
-2.82 m, on a level of debris resulted from the Roman building dated by mid 2"d century
AD (see the description below).
In trench C II, by its Southern half, we dug a trial trench of 1.40 x 1.30 m (Cs 3,
PI. XV/2) in order to obtain data on the area stratigraphy, much damaged by previ-
ous pits made for the insertion of the modern building foundations. The maximum
reached depth was -3.60 m, to the archaeologically sterile level.
In trench C III, due to its location in the outbuilding access area as well as
the danger represented by the fact that the outbuilding foundations had not been
reinforced on this side (all the other outbuilding walls were reinforced prior to the
commencement of the rescue archaeological research), we excavated a trial trench,
Cs 4 (PI. XX) of 1.65 x 0.80 m. The maximum depth reached was -2.80 m, on the
mortar floor of the Roman building in the early phase of the site.
In trench C IV, in its NW corner, trial trench Cs 5 (PI. XXIV/1), sized
0.70 x 0.50 m, dug firstly for examining the foundations of the perimeter wall of the
early Roman building, touched the virgin soil represented by the geological gravei at
a depth of -4.04 m.
Moreover, given the specific working conditions (inside of a building), for reasons
related to the building safety, vertical face trenching of at least 0.70 m was performed
on the sides close to the outbuilding foundations.
We supervised the drainage and sanitation works of the building underground
and outbuilding. They represented a surface of 223.5 m2. In addition, we performed a
rescue archaeological research by digging four trenches: C I = 5.65 x 2.20 m, to -3.60 m
deep; C II = 4.40 x 1.10 m, to -3.60 m deep, C III, 2.20 x 2.10 m, to a maximum depth
of - 2.80 m; trench C IV, sized 2.10 x 2.15 m, to -4.04 m deep, totalling a 30 m2 surface.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
233
II.	Results of the archaeological research
As previously mentioned, the working conditions (the relatively small space of
the outbuilding, the danger represented by the foundations collapse following deepen-
ing in the excavated trenches, the preservation of vertical face trenching for both the
examination of the site stratigraphy as well as in order to remove the earth resulted
from the archaeological excavation) determined the choice of research methods
adapted to the archaeological site specificity. Due to above conditions, especially the
necessity to protect the foundations of the outbuilding located at the ground floor, we
could not exhaustively excavate the entire surface available, however the excavated
trial trenches provided complete data on the site stratigraphy.
II.1.	The stratigraphic sequence
The outbuilding on 29 Regele Ferdinand St., had originally two rooms of 5.00 x 4.70 m,
respectively of 5.40 x 4.00 m, separated by a 0.70 m thick division wall (PI. I).
The entire surface of the outbuilding was emptied by the construction company
performing its repairs and sanitation. Until the commencement of the rescue archaeo-
logical research, in order to gain a vertical level, the original floor of the outbuilding
was removed, the ground level being deepened by another 1.50 m and same height
underpinning of the outbuilding foundations were carried out, except for the eastern
wall of the outbuilding first room, in its entrance area. Therefore, due to the removal
of the layers just below the outbuilding floor, the rescue archaeological excavation
started from the earliest medieval-modern layers, beneath which lay only the Roman
levels. Medieval-modern depth intrusions for the construction of the building founda-
tions, disturbing the previous stratigraphy, also add.
Due to these site peculiarities, the general stratigraphy is partially different in
the northern and Southern halves.
In trenches C I and C II the stratigraphy is as follows (PI. II/l; III; XIV; XVII):
-	1.20-1.40 m (variable on the eastern profile of trench C I and the western profile
of trench C II) - filling layer, made of dark soil mixed with mortar pigments, small
brick pieces and yellow limestone; it is one of the modern filling layers, comprised
between the outbuilding foundations and its ground level (Cxt 17);
-	1.40-1.50 m - grey-yellow layer containing mortar pigments, small limestone
pieces and potshards; it belongs to the same modern fills comprised between the out-
building foundations and its ground level (Cxt 18);
-	1.50-1.70 m - modern levelling layer, containing dark brown soil, relatively clear,
with the occasional potshards, small brick pieces and charcoal pigments in composi-
tion (Cxt 22);
-	1.70-1.85 m - compact mortar layer, with sporadic stones in composition; it rep-
resents the building layer of a modern wall foundation (the division wall, delimiting
the two outbuilding rooms on a E-W direction) (Cxt 3);
-	1.85-2.05 m - filling Roman layer, found to the outside of the western Roman
drainage identified in trench C I; it is composed of dark soil mixed with limestone and
river stones and sporadic potshards (Cxt 12);
234
Viorica Rusu-Bolindet, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
-	2.05-2.25 m - demolition layer of a Roman building, of which a few carved
limestone stones were preserved in surface by the south-western extremity of trench
C II; it contains sand, small pebbles, carved stones, being light yellow in colour
(Cxt 16);
-	2.25-2.35 m - debris layer comprising stones of various sizes, sand, mortar pig-
ments; likely a demolition layer of a Roman building, whose constructional elements
were not identified in the surface (Cxt 23);
-	2.35-2.75 m - levelling layer, dark brown, composed of variously - sized stones,
mortar fragments, sand, tegulae pieces and potshards (Cxt 26);
-	2.75-2.95 m - dark brown layer composed of earth mixed with mortar pigments,
with occasional stones and brick fragments (Cxt 26’);
-	2.95-3.05 m - mortar layer, relatively compact, coming from the demolition of
the Roman building in the early phase of the archaeological assembly (Cxt 27);
-	3.05-3.15 m - black layer, relatively compact, in-between the demolition layer of
the early Roman building and its mortar floor (Cxt 29);
-	3.15-3.25 m - compact mortar floor, belonging to a Roman building, identified
on the entire surface of the outbuilding (Cxt 28);
-	3.25-3.35 m - groundwork of the above mortar floor, comprising river stones
bound with mortar (Cxt 28’);
-	3.35-3.60/3.70 m - levelling layer, consisting of a brownish soil, relatively clear
(Cxt 52);
-	3.60/3.70 m - 3.60/3.70 m - burning layer (Cxt. 53) (identified only in trench
Cil);
-	3.60/3.70-3.80/3.90 m - brown-yellowish clay layer; virgin soil (Cxt 54);
-	3.80/3.90-4.00/4.05 m - geological gravei; virgin soil (Cxt 55).
In trenches C III and C IV, stratigraphy has the following levels (PI. II/2; IV-VI;
XIX; XXI; XXIV):
-	1.20-1.60 m - modern filling layer consisting of mortar pigments, brick pieces
and stones (Cxt 1);
-	1.60-1.75 m - debris layer, consisting of tiles and shingles representing the
remains of Roman building roof, whose building elements were not identified in sur-
face (Cxt 5);
-	1.75-1.95 m - demolition layer of the same Roman building, found beneath the
roof remains, comprising big stones, much painted coating and tile and shingle frag-
ments (Cxt 8);
-	1.95 m-2.05 m - various size stones layer, especially yellowish limestone, in-
between with sand and small pebbles - possible Roman road or courtyard building
layer (?) (Cxt 14);
-	2.05-2.10 m - levelling Roman layer, consisting of fragmentary tiles and a
brownish soil (Cxt 30);
-	2.10-2.20 m - consistent burning layer comprising large adobe fragments with
timber prints, burning pigments, charcoal, charred seeds; it represents the level of a
Roman timber-walled house, burned (Cxt 32);
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
235
-	2.20-2.25/2.30 m - burning Roman layer comprising charcoal and especially
charred seeds, large adobe fragments with timber prints, burning pigments (Cxt 35);
-	2.25-2.65 m - layer of gravei mixed with clayish earth, a possible levelling layer
for the construction of the Roman timber-walled house (Cxt 36);
-	2.65-2.75 m - compact earth layer, clayish, relatively clear (Cxt 38), from which
starts a burning layer, identified only in trench C III on 0.60 m x 0.60 m in surface and
its northern profile (Cxt 46);
-	2.75-2.85 m - compact mortar floor, belonging to a Roman building, identified
on the entire surface of the outbuilding (Cxt 28);
-	2.80-3.80 m - Roman wall foundation, which belongs to an early Roman phase
building of the site (Cxt 56);
-	3.80 m-3.90 m - brown-yellowish clay layer, archaeologically sterile (Cxt 54);
-	3.90 m-4.05 m - geological gravei, archaeologically sterile (Cxt 55).
II. 2. The archaeological features
a.	The archaeological features of trench C I (PI. I; II/l; III/l; VII-XIV)
During the supervision of the sanitation works of the outbuilding on 29 Regele
Ferdinand St., we uncovered two Roman columns bases and the groundwork of two
Roman walls that comprised roof tile and shingle remains (PI. 1/2; IX/2) in the upper
part filling in-between. From this moment on, based on the Amendment entered
between the Beneficiary and the National History Museum of Transylvania (MNIT),
the archaeological supervision turned to rescue archaeological excavation. During the
rescue archaeological excavations carried out on the entire surface of the outbuilding,
the following archaeological features were identified in trench C I:
1.	Roman main drainage channel (PI. I; II/2; VII-XII). It was discovered in the
eastern half of trench C I, on a 4.70 m length on the western side and 4.10 m on the
eastern side, starting with -1.45 m deep. It laid almost diagonally in the above part
of trench C I, being oriented north-south. Its eastern side was damaged by the out-
building foundation on the same side, which removed the channel wall to a depth of
-1.70-1.80 m and overlapped its northern side (PI. IX/2). Instead, a portion of 2.30 m
was preserved from its western side, which seems to represent its 0.90 m original
height (PI. VIII-X). Northwards, the channel is overlapped by the outbuilding foun-
dations, while in the Southern extremity its route was obstructed by an adjoining wall.
The latter, oriented east-west has a preserved length of 0.80 m and a 0.50 m maximum
width, the rest being overlapped by the foundation of the modern wall dividing the
outbuilding (PI. IX/2; XI). Additionally, the eastern side of the channel turns in the
Southern extremity, together with the mentioned adjoining wall forming one of its
branches, oriented east-west (PI. XII/2). Therefore, the two constructional elements
above form a main drainage with one branch, the latter flowing into the first. In fact,
the main drainage bottom gradient runs from south to north, flowing into Someș river.
The channel walls, 0.40 m wide, were made of yellow limestone stones, bound
with mortar. Inside, the building technique was precise, stones being put right and
immersed in mortar (PI. VIII; X-XI), while on the outside, the walls’ structure con-
tains also brick fragments and are less careful worked (PI. XIII/1). The slabs covering
236
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
the main drainage channel and its branch did not preserve, fallen roof tiles and shin-
gles coming from a Roman building (PI. 1/1; IX/1) being identified in situ in its upper
part, on the filling layer. Moreover, still in the drainage channel area and even on
its western wall were discovered a column base fragment and a complete column
(PI. I; II/l; IX; X/l), as well as a Corinthian capital fragment. Unfortunately, since
the modern building foundations were too close, the constructional elements that
belonged to this building did not preserve and were neither found in the western
part of trench C I. Most definitely, this building must have been located in the south-
eastern side of a road to which this sewerage must have belonged to. Respective road
must have been one of the cardines^ which functioned in the last existence stage of the
Roman town at Napoca.
The archaeological material discovered in the drainage fiii consisted of potshards,
glass vessels, bone hair pins and a few iron objects. Outside the drainage, in a debris
layer by its base, we found a plated denarius, issued in Rome between AD 202-210,
under Septimius Severus. This coin can provide a possible chronological landmark for
dating the main drainage channel and the possible building aligned to one of the main
roads of the ancient town, respectively the first half of the 3"1 century AD.
2.	The main drainage channel lay over a strong burning layer, coming from a
burned timber wall house (PI. II/l; XII/3). Its description shall be made among the
archaeological features of trench C III (see below).
3.	Below this burning level, under several demolition and levelling Roman layers,
at -2.88 m deep, on a portion of 0.90 x 0.60 m, we identified a compact mortar floor,
0.10-0.15 m thick (PI. 1/2; II; X/2; XIII). It belonged to a large Roman building, being
identified by trial trenches in all four investigated sections. We shall present the dis-
cussed Roman building among the archaeological features of trench C IV (see below).
Beneath this floor, whose groundwork was made of stones bound with mortar, we
also identified a layer with sporadic burning pigments and another, of brown-yellowish
clay, below which was found the geological gravei, sterile archaeologically (PI. III/l).
b.	The archaeological features of trench C II (PI. I; II/l; XV-XVII)
The stratigraphy of this trench was much disturbed by the medieval-modern
insertion pits of the outbuilding foundations (PI. II/l; XV). The monuments and con-
structional elements preserved in situ are as follows:
1.	Roman monument base (PI. I; II/l; XV/1; XVI). It was discovered by the
northern extremity of the trench, at -2.10 m deep, being attached to the founda-
tions of a wall demolished by current intrusions. It is massive and this is the reason
for which most part of it was preserved in situ and reused in modern foundations.
It survived intact on the south, east and west sides, being broken on the side fac-
ing the northern foundation of the outbuilding (PI. XVI/1). The preserved sizes are
0.75 x 0.75 x 0.75 x 0.80 m and is provided with two profiles on each of the preserved
sides. It was carved of two pieces, of 0.40, respectively 0.30/0.35 x 0.75 m, perfectly
joined most likely with the aid of iron cramps. It was located on a stone slab, which
exceeded by ca. 0.10 m the Southern side and only 0.02-0.3 m the east and west sides,
which was also bound in mortar. Unfortunately, except for the monument base and
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
237
the mortar it was bound in, the entire surface of trench C II was ravaged by modern
pits, so we could not clarify the character and constructional element to which this
beautiful sculptural monument belonged to. It is possible it represented a statue base
(it lacks though the attachment places of a statue) or an inscription base, located in a
courtyard (?). No dating elements are available either - it may possibly belong to the
last Roman inhabitancy level, similarly to the main drainage (?).
2.	Perimeter wall and mortar floor of a large Roman building (PI. 1/1; II/l; XV).
This is the same building unearthed by trial trenches in all of the sections excavated
in the outbuilding. In trial trench Cs 3, the floor and wall foundation were identi-
fied at -2.85 m and -2.90 m respectively. The wall was preserved only on a length of
0.70 m, the rest being removed by a modern pit. The floor was identified on a 1.30 m
length and a 0.35 m width. The excavation of both elements had to be stopped as they
lay dangerously close to the modern foundations, we had to preserve the vertical face
trenching in-between trenches C I and C II.
c.	The archaeological features of trench C III (PI. I; II/2; IV/1; V; XVIII-XXI; XXII/1)
1.	Possible Roman building dating to the last Roman phase identified on the
site, recorded by the presence of its roof debris on the entire surface of the trench
(PI. 1/2; II/2; XVIII/1). Below this consistent debris layer, emerged a consistent layer
of painted coating, mostly red-coloured (Pompeian red), but also green or yellow,
sometimes with lines indicative of division upon registers. Unfortunately, we could
not identify the constructional elements that belonged to this building in surface, as it
was destroyed by medieval-modern intrusions.
2.	Courtyard or alley level (?)(P1. II/2; XVIII/2; XIX/1). Beneath the demolition
of the previously mentioned possible Roman building, at -2.10 m deep, there emerged
in surface a cluster of various size stones, where the large predominated. Their posi-
tion was not regular, which might have been indicative of a road, while a consistent
gravei layer lay by its base and in-between the stones. Was this the pavement of a
courtyard, dislodged by subsequent depositions?
3.	Burnt house (PI. 1/1; II/2; XX). It was identified on the entire surface of
trench C III and to the outside of the main drainage channel, in the Southern extrem-
ity of trench C I, at a depth between -2.15-2.25 m. Below the vertical face trenching
between trenches C III and C IV, upon removal, we uncovered a stone foundation,
consisting of an alignment of stones oriented approximately north-south, which might
represent the western limit of this house. For the rest, no other constructional ele-
ments were identified, only variously-sized adobe fragments, exhibiting post prints,
much ash, potshards and charred grain seeds.
4.	Mortar floor of the Roman building in the first Roman phase of the site
(PI. 1/2; II; XIX; XXII) - it was identified in trial trench Cs 4, on a portion of 1.90 x 0.80,
along the northern profile of trench C III, at -2.80 m deep.
d.	The archaeological features of trench C IV (PI. I; II/2; XXII/2; XXIII-XXIV)
1.	Perimeter wall and mortar floor of a large Roman building (PI. 1/2; II/2;
XXII-XXIV).
238
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
Elements of the same building were identified in the other investigated trenches
too (see above). In trench C IV, we excavated though part of the western perimeter
wall foundation of this building, on a 2 m length, practically on the entire trench extent.
Part of it (on a 0.60 m length from the northern profile southwards) was removed
by a 16lh-17lh centuries pit (PI. XXIV/2). The foundation of this wall, 0.80 m thick,
was made of large limestone blocks, some carved, bound with mortar. The preserved
height of the foundation was of 0.95 m, being placed on a compact yellowish-brown
clay layer, beneath which lay the geological level, sterile archaeologically.
The ground level of the discussed building is represented by the mortar floor
discovered also in the other investigated trenches, which practically starts from the
upper limit of the wall’s foundation. In trench C IV, it was excavated on a portion of
2.00 x 0.70 m, at -2.78-2.87 m deep (exhibits a slight gradient from south northwards
under the pressure of the succeeding layers).
Based on the surface research, we may approximately establish this building’s
sizes - 6.00 x 2.90 m - accounting for an impressive building, with possible compart-
ments. Unfortunately, due to the peculiarities of the archaeological site, it could not
be excavated entirely, but only parts of it, by trial trenches. Clear elements for a more
restricted dating are missing, however, according to the stratigraphic position, it may
be framed by mid 2nd century AD.
IV.	Archaeological material
The discovered artifacts mainly belong to the Roman period, since the Medieval-
Modern levels were removed when the current building was built. Amongst, we shall
present below a selection of the most representative, which were a factor in dating the
archaeological contexts by the Information they provided.
Thus, only one coin was identified, a silver plated denarius, issued in Rome
between AD 202-210 under Emperor Septimius Severus (see catalogue no. 1). The
archaeological context where it was found - the filling of the Roman sewage - allowed
us to date it under the Severans, definitely in the first half of the 3rd century and
implicitly, during the last phase of the Roman inhabitancy noted in the area.
Among the bronze objects, the best preserved was a fishhook (or sewing needle?),
dated, based on the archaeological context and analogies, to the 3rd century AD (cata-
logue no. 2, PI. XXV/1).
The bone objects are represented by two relatively well preserved hairpins, a frag-
mentary sewing needle (catalogue no. 4, PI. XXV/3) and another hairpin or sewing
needle fragment (catalogue no. 3, PI. XXV/2).
One of the hairpins has a globular head, type Gudea, Bajusz II/6, Ciugudean
1.1 (catalogue no. 6, PL XXV/5), a well known type, very spread both in the Roman
empire as well as Dacia, being one of the simplest such accessories produced in the
Roman period. Similar items were discovered at Porolissum12, Buciumi13, Apulum14,
12 Gudea 1989, 827, catalogue nos. 12-14, PI. CCLVI; Gudea, Bajusz 1991, Pis. XI/1-7; XII/8-13;
XIII/14-22.
13 Pop 1972, PI. C/7-9.
14 Ciugudean 1997, Pis. II-III.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
239
Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa15, Micia18 etc. At Napoca, globular-head hairpins were
discovered in the rescue excavations performed in the Central Store17 extension and on
Prahova St.18.
The other hairpin, with head separated by a succession of grooves and fillets (type
Gudea, Bajusz V/5, Ciugudean 1.10, Bajusz, Isac V.2) (catalogue no. 6, PI. XXV/4),
very well preserved, is much more elaborate and has also very good analogies in Dacia
Porolissensis19 and the Empire20. On the site at Napoca, a similar hairpin was discov-
ered during the excavations carried out at Central Store21.
The few identified glass vessels frame in the bowls (catalogue nos. 10-11,
PI. XXVI/4-5), likely flasks (catalogue no. 9, PI. XXVI/3) categories. Among the
recipients presented in the catalogue, noticeable is a very thin bowl wall (0.5 mm),
with a vegetal decoration in relief - a wine leaf - of an exquisite artistic execution
(catalogue no. 8, PL XXVI/2)22.
Most of the found objects were represented by pottery, belonging to the catego-
ries known on the site. Thus, a few import items were identified: a bowl fragment
Drag. 37 of terra sigillata with relief decoration made by artisan LAXTVCISSA at
Lezoux, in Central Gaul (catalogue no. 12, PI. XXVII/1)23; a bowl base in type Drag.
33, with the stamp of artisan MACEBATVS produced in the same pottery centre,
working under Hadrian-the Antonines24 with a graffiti made after firing on the base,
to the exterior (catalogue no. 13, PI. XXVII/2); another fragmentary bowl Drag. 33
(catalogue no. 14, PI. XXVII/3), as well as a terra sigillata bowl fragment with relief
decoration made locally (catalogue no. 15, PI. XXVII/4).
The presence of sigillata imports from the powerful production centre at Lezoux
in Central Gaul is not unusual for the Roman town at Napoca, vessels made there
ranking first among the sigillata imports in both the analysed settlement25, as well
as at province scale26. Instead, artisan LAXTVCISSA, working at Lezoux between
AD 145/150-170, is recorded for the first time at Napoca. In fact, the products of the
same artisan were rarely discovered in Dacia - either by the Identification of his style
on relief decorated vessels - at Romula, Stolniceni, unspecified spot in Oltenia27 and
Acidava28 -, or by the presence of stamps on plain Samian ware with his name - the
only record Corning from Apulum29.
15 Alicu, Nemeș 1982, PI. 1/8.
16 Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. IV/4, 7-8.
17 Diaconescu et alii 2012, PI. XIX/1-4.
18 Crișan 1996, 385, Fig. 5/1, 3.
19 Bajusz, Isac 2001, PI. VI/50 - Porolissum; Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. VIII/1-13 - Dacia Porolissensis.
20 See similar specimens in Britannia - Crummy 1979, 162 - or Germania - Obmann 1997, PI. 24/334.
21 Diaconescu et alii 2012, PI. XIX/7.
22 See at Porolissum fragmentary specimens decorated in relief, among which a vessel wall with the
depiction of wine spindles - Gudea 1989, 747, catalog nos. 2-3, PI. CCLXIII (especially no. 2).
23 PGC, 224-229; Rogers 1999,155-156.
24 Oswald 1983,175.
25 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 152-154; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007a.
26 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 153-155.	’
27 Popilian 1976, 28,159, catalogue nos. 18-20, PL II; Popilian, Ciucă 1988, 62, 75, catalogue no. 60, Fig. 4.
28 Popilian, Ciucă 1993, 30, 33, catalogue no. 15, PI. I.
29 Isac 1985, 48, 173, catalogue no. 564, PI. 64.
240
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
We also note the record for the first time at Napoca, as well as in Dacia30, of the
products of artisan MACERATVS of Lezoux. The same vessel, with graffiti signs on
the exterior, whose reading is difficult to interpret (property mark, other significance?)
is the second specimen discovered at Napoca, the previous being a mortarzum-bowl
Curie 21, coming from the pottery centre at Rheinzabern31. At province scale, such
signs incised prior or after firing are present on the walls or base of the vessels discovered
on various sites. They were mentioned in different special studies and articles32, the
number of those found on terra sigillata wares being rather small. We also mention a
bowl Drag. 33 discovered at Gherla, where appear a few incised letters, SIIV..., likely
SEVfERVS] and other few smaller, difficult to interpret, on the outer part of the ves-
sel base33. The same recipient has on the base, inside, a rosette-shaped anepigraphic
artisan’s stamp, yet no other terra sigillata ware with signs incised on the base after
firing, found in Dacia, bears both the epigraphic stamp of the artisan on the inside as
well as incised signs made on the outside34.
The local production of terra sigillata with decoration in relief is confirmed by the
discovery of a bowl fragment Drag. 37, ornamented with vegetal motifs (PI. XXVII/4).
Respective decoration represents two rosette types, known on the stamped vessels
made in the workshops at Napoca33. Compared to the five fragmentary specimens with
decoration in relief locally made insofar, including among the ornaments delimiting
elements (ovolos) and animal motifs36, the specimen under analysis exhibits in the
preserved part only vegetal decoration. This ornamental type was recorded at Napoca
only on stamped pottery37, yet the decoration of the local sigillata exclusively with veg-
etal and/or geometric motifs is found also in other production centres from Dacia38.
30 For plain sigillata with the artisan’s stamp on the vessel base discovered in Dacia until 1985, see
Isac 1985, 48-50, Pis. 63-66. For the similar circumstances in Oltenia, see Popilian, Ciucă 1988; Popilian,
Ciucă 1993, 40, catalogue nos. 68-70, PI. IV.
31 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 164, catalogue no. 133, PI. XXX.
32 A synthesis on the vessels with graffiti made prior or after their firing at province scale was made by
Gudea, Cosma 1992; a recent specimen discovered at Apulum, with cursive writing exercises was published
by A. Timofan (2009); see also Timofan 2012.
33 Isac 1985, 50, 177, catalogue no. 590, PI. 66.
34 Terra sigillata specimen at Apulum, indexed by C. L. Băluță in IDR III/6 - nos. 352-357 - have
the name incised prior firing either on the base, outside, or on their walls; the same is valid for the items
indexed by N. Gudea and C. Cosma in the above mentioned synthesis (see note 32), where among the
vessels found in Dacia, terra sigillata are an insignificant percentage compared to other pottery categories.
Are expressly mentioned as terra sigillata with graffiti signs yet prior firing the following: a specimen at
Romula (Gudea, Cosma 1992, 210, catalogue no. 31), one in Oltenia (Gudea, Cosma 1992, 215, catalogue
no. 77 - it might be the same vessel, as the incised name is the same!) and another at Gilău (Gudea, Cosma
1992, 216, catalogue no. 84), which are though the names of the artisans making the moulds in which
respective recipients were made as their names were written at their base in cursive prior firing. The
specimen at Porolissum (Gudea, Cosma 1992, 218, catalogue no. 105) is the only which seems to have
graffiti on the base, yet it is not specified whether it was made prior or after firing. For graffiti made ante
cocturam by the potters at Rheinzabern on plain terra sigillata see Schucker, Jung, Thomas 2008, with
afferent bibliography on the same category of pottery material at the Roman Empire scale.
35 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, rosettes B1.139 and Bl.120, PI. LXX.
36 Rusu-Bolindeț 2006; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 192-195, catalogue nos. 150-156, Pis. XXXIV-XXXV.
37 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, catalogue no. 272-273, PI. LV; 275-296, Pis. LVI-LVIII etc.
38 See for instance the circumstances in the large pottery centre at Micăsasa, where there are terra
sigillata moulds, decorated with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic motifs combined with those vegetal,
seldom with only vegetal and/or geometric motifs - Rusu-Bolindeț 2011, 99, Fig. 5,3-5, 6,6; at Ampelum
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
241
The use by the potters of the same sigillata to make the decoration motifs on both the
Samian ware as well as the stamped pottery is a practice common to the large Roman
pottery centres.
For now, at Napoca the terra sigillata wares with decoration in relief is recorded
by a very small number of specimens (six), much better recorded being the production
of plain Samian ware59 and that of the stamped pottery40.
The common ware is represented by the majority of categories known and indexed
on the site41. Among we mention below: the table wares (vas a escaria)^ illustrated
by plates (catalogue nos. 16-17, PI. XXVIII/1-2) and bowls (catalogue nos. 18-19,
PI. XXVIII/3-4); vessels used for transport and food storage - a type of jug unknown
to the site (catalogue no. 20, PI. XXVIII/5); cooking recipients - jars (catalogue no. 21,
PI. XXVIII/6) etc.
The discovered lamps belong to the Firmalampen category and the best known
type and well spread in Dacia - Loeschcke X - as the period when such lighting
devices are made corresponds to that when Dacia is a Roman province42. Of the four
specimens identified, one preserved the producer’s stamp [FORT]IS (catalogue no. 22,
PI. XXIX/1) - being a local copy of the products of the famous north-Italian producer45.
Such specimens - rarely imported, made though on large scale locally - are found in
the majority of the sites in Roman Dacia44. At Napoca, Loeschcke X type lamps with
the stamp of artisan FORTIS were discovered in several points investigated in the
ancient town, namely on V. Deleu St.43, in the Palatului Telefoanelor area46 etc.
Within the rescue excavations carried out on Regele Ferdinand Blvd. no. 29
we also discovered a fragmentary stamped tile (catalogue no. 26, PI. XXIX/3). The
stamped building materials are very rare at Napoca47. Except for the tile material
with military stamps - the famous stamps EX(ercitus) D(aciae) Pforolissensis)^, those
of legio V MacedonicaP and with the stamp FISCP0, at Napoca are not certainly
recorded private producers of building materials. The fragment of stamped tile iden-
tified had unfortunately the stamp imprinted unequally, so that only two letters are
- Pescaru et alii 2000, Fig. 8/3; Războieni-Cetate - Popovici, Varga 2010, Pis. V/3, VI/5 etc.
39 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 195-211, catalogue nos. 157-229, Pis. XXXVI-XLVIII.
40 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, catalogue nos. 230-368, Pis. XLIX-LXV.
41 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 378-433, catalogue nos. 437-641, Pis. LXXXIII-CV.
42 Roman 2005, 161-166, 189-190, catalogue nos. 123-125, 166-184, 280-295, Figs. 69-71 - locally
made or imported, found at Buciumi, Cășei, Gilău, Ilișua, Napoca, Potaissa and Porolissum.
43 In Dacia Porolissensis, lamps with the producer’s stamp FORTIS rank first of total within those of
type Firmalampe with stamp, with a percentage of 29% - see Roman 2005, Fig. 70.
44 See for instance the lamps stamped FORTIS recorded in a few forts in Dacia Porolissensis at Roman
2006, 64-65, catalogue nos. 77-79, 101-109, 140-142, 144-145, Pis. 13-14, with afferent bibliography.
45 Roman 2005, catalogue nos. 173-174, 180, Fig. 68, Pis. 18-19.
46 Mitrofan 1964, 202, Fig. 3/2.
47 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 47.
48 Rusu-Bolindet 2007, 80-81, with the discussion related to the presence of the troops attached to the
governor of Dacia Porolissensis at Napoca and the afferent bibliography known until 2007; recently, see
the notes on the location of the seat of the financial procurator of Dacia Porolissensis at Napoca based on
reinterpreting certain inscriptions and the examination of the spot they were discovered in the toponymy
of the town at Piso 2012.
49 Mitrofan 1976,199, 201, PI. IV/1-3.
30 Mitrofan 1976, 200, 202-203, Pis. V-VI; Piso 2012.
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
visible - M+A in ligature, while other two have only the upper part (or lower part?)
visible - S or C and D or E (?). This makes impossible to decipher the stamped name.
It is tough possible that the discussed stamp represents the name of a private producer
of building material, unknown insofar at Napoca.
V.	Chronoloffy elements
For the time being, chronological delimitations imposed by the discovered
archaeological material on the site at 29 Regele Ferdinand St. allow for only a
general framing of the identified remains. Thus, for the Roman period, we have
only one coin from trench C I, a plated denarius issued under Septimius Severus,
between AD 202-210. It aids the chronological framing of the last noticed phase
of the site between the first half and likely, mid 3rd century AD. The Roman main
drainage channel and its branch, alike the possible buildings located by the road
they delimited frame in the same phase.
In the case of the bumed building identified in trenches C I and C III, given its
stratigraphic position - the walls of the Roman main drainage channel were placed
directly over this burning layer - one may assume a possible dating to the second half -
end of the 2n<1 century AD, however there are no artefact types to ensure such supposition.
In what the large Roman building is concerned, it may be dated, based on two
terra sigillata fragments, a Drag. 37 bowl with decoration in relief, produced by pot-
ter LAXTVCISSA and a Drag. 33 cup, with the stamp of MACERATVS, both coming
from Lezoux (Central Gaul) starting with mid-2nd century AD, which would correspond
to the moment when intense building development works were carried out in the
Roman town at Napoca.
We did not identify previous earth-and-timber phases for this building; neverthe-
less one should bear in mind that since the outbuilding foundations were in danger of
collapse, we were unable to exhaustively investigate neither the surface nor down to
the natural soil, but via trial trenches.
VI.	Conclusions
The rescue archaeological research carried out in Cluj-Napoca, in the outbuild-
ing on 29 Regele Ferdinand St., evidenced inhabitancy traces that belonged to the
Roman period, the remains of the other periods being destroyed by modern intrusions.
The Roman period - comprises the most important remains discovered on the
discussed site, represented by a Roman road (one of the cardines), delimited by a main
drainage channel, oriented north-south and one of its branches, oriented east-west.
This is the second case, within the same area - the north-eastern part of the ancient
town - when drainage is found, connected to one of its main roads. Together with the
monuments preserved in situ at the «Ferdinand Galleries» (drainage with branches
and part of a main Roman road - one of the decumani) they represent unique monu-
ments discovered within the Roman town at Napoca, designed to provide additional
information on its urban development and grid plan.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastern area of Napoca
243
As regards the part of the Street uncovered on Regele Ferdinand St. no. 6, this it
frames in the viae silicae stratae category, being paved with yellow limestone slabs. Its
structure is specific to a Roman road, being built according to Vitmviufs principles. Only
the Southern limit of the road is known, provided by the edge of a main drainage channel,
over which the limestone slabs that constituted the respective road sidewalk were placed.
In what the main drainage channel is concerned, it was oriented in parallel to
the road and was identified on a 4.10 m length. Its width varied between 0.50 m (at
base) and 0.68 m (in the upper part) and 1.20 m in height, being built of large yel-
low limestone blocks, placed on top of the other, without mortar binding. It had a
slight east-west tilt. A secondary channel, differently oriented (north-west - south-
east), unearthed on a length of 1.50 m, discharged its drain in the first. It was 0.50 m
wide and 0.65 m tall and had its own south-east - north-west oriented branch. Both
were built according to the same construction technique as the main drainage channel.
The road and channels were dated to the 3rd century AD. Their discovery represented
a significant contribution in delimiting the grid plan of the ancient town, much less
known at the time51.
In the central-north-eastern part of the Roman town, other Street and sewage por-
tions were discovered. Thus, to the north-east of St. Michael Roman Catholic Church,
the archaeological excavations performed by J. Bedăus in 1822 led to the discovery of
a one meter deep ditch with walls made of “rectangular cut stone blocks”, oriented
south-east - north-west, located under the slabs of a courtyard paved with marble
blocks, delimited by a portico oriented similarly to the sewerage52. The recent res-
cue archaeological excavations performed in the Museum of Art courtyard unearthed
the slabs of another Street, approximately oriented north-south53. The authors of the
research deemed it one of the cardines. oriented parallel to cardo maximus, running
from Unirii Square to the front of Bânffy Palace and along the Regele Ferdinand
St.54. The same archaeologists believe that decumanus maximus might be located along
21 Decembrie Blvd and Memorandumului St., hypothesis grounded on the fact that
during the Middle Ages, these streets were preserved as they represented two main
access routes to the medieval town, respectively Hid utcza and Belso Monostor utcz^.
Concurrently, in the Museum Square, the archaeological research carried out
there led to the discovery of one of the cardines and of a sewage channel oriented
south-east - north-west56, while in the insula investigated on Deleu St., the unearthing
of a portico oriented east-west made the archaeologists believe it was aligned to one of
the main town streets - one of the decumani?7.
In the specialty literature, attempts were made to identify the Street grid of the
ancient town at Napoca. Based on the data known related to the route of the Roman
town enclosure and on archaeological finds, I. Bogdan-Cătăniciu tried to establish the
51 Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 91-92.
52 Voișian, Bota, Ciongradi 2000, 269 and note 30; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 92 and note 199.
53 Pupeză 2011, 226, PI. XXV; Antal, Pupeză 2012.	’
54 Pupeză 2011, 229; Antal, Pupeză 2012.
55 Pupeză 2011, 229.
56 Wittenberger et alii 1993, 17, no. 31 A; Bogdan-Cătăniciu 1999, 68; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 92.
57 Cociș et alii 1998, 17; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 90.
244
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
Street grid of Napoca, proposing a modulation into actus - 15 on the north-south axis
and 12 on the east-west axis58.
According to the observations on the original inhabitancy nucleus in the Roman
settlement at Napoca, located, as per the author, in the central-western part of the
future town59, related to the location along the imperial road connecting Potaissa
to Porolissum and the presence of the bridge over Someș river, Al. Diaconescu sug-
gested that the two main axes of the town at Napoca, namely cardo and decumanus
maximus, must have been set depending on the two main roads Crossing the town. If
the first road, running from south to north, came from Potaissa and ran to Porolissum
(as mentioned above), the other, oriented east-west, connected the forts at Gilău and
Gherla along the Someș river valley60.
Based on field research, surveys and use of the known archaeological research
results, D. Ursut61 and FI. Fodorean62 endeavoured to determine the Street grid of
the town at Napoca. However, since none of the main roads of the ancient town are
known, the authors indicated the route of the Roman road coming from Potaissa,
entered by the Southern gate of the town and ran to Porolissum, respectively the roads
connecting Napoca to the forts at Gilău, Bologa, Gherla and Cășeiu63.
The one scholar to express most recently his view concerning the topography
of the ancient town at Napoca is I. Piso. Reviewing the reading of the inscriptions
recording the activity of the financial procurators of Dacia Porolisenssis at Napoca,
the author also reassesses the tind spot of respective items, clustering in the north-
eastern part of the ancient town (mainly where Central Store is located). This leads to
the idea that their residence was located to the eastern end of cardo maximus (located
along Regele Ferdinand St.), just nearby the northern entrance of the town. The cir-
cumstances are similar to those at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, where the seat of the
financial procurator of Dacia Apulensis occupied insulae located south the northern
gate of the town and by the eastern limit of cardo maximul.
Therefore, the systematic or rescue archaeological excavations performed during
the last decades of the 20th and 21th centuries, among which also counts that carried out
on 29 Regele Ferdinand St., brought significant contributions in delimiting the Street
grid of the ancient town, known, for the time being, in a few of the sites. The review of
previous and recent archaeological finds together with an accurate topographical loca-
tion of Street parts and afferent sewages will definitely bring new data aimed at providing
a much more complete image of the urban planning of the Roman town at Napoca.
Concurrently, the other stages and revealed constructional elements, among
which the large building dating to mid 2nd centuy AD is distinguishable, provide pre-
cious information on the urban development of the Roman town at Napoca.
58 Bogdan-Cătănicu 1999, 67-68, Fig. II.
59 Diaconescu 2004,118-119, Fig. 4.18.
60 Diaconescu 2004, 119.
61 Ursuț 1997; Ursuț 1999; Ursuț 2008.
62 Fodorean 2006, 317-318, Fig. 3.54.
63 Ursuț 1999, 234-238; Fodorean 2006, 189-194, Fig. 3.27; 194-197, Fig. 3.28; 317-318, Fig. 3.54;
Ursuț 2008, 83-87, Figs. 43 A-B; 87-103, Figs. 45-63.
64 Piso 2012.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
245
The stone building discovered on Regele Ferdinand St. no. 29, alike the other
house, with timber structure, which was burnt, are part of an intensively inhabited
area in the north-eastern part of the Roman town. Concurrently, fortunately, more
rescue excavations were carried out there compared to other areas of the ancient town,
which allowed a better understanding of its urban development. Thus, the buildings
discovered on St. V. Deleu65 and Muzeului Square66, those on the location of Central
Store67 and those along St. Regele Ferdinand (former Horea)68, seem to confirm the
theory according to which this area must have represented the original nucleus of the
Roman settlement, linked, as mentioned, to the northern gate of the town and the
bridge over Someș river69, whose subsequent evolution was related by the presence
there of the seat of the financial procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.
We hope that the preventive archaeological excavations performed on Regele
Ferdinand St. no. 29 would contribute, by the unearthed constructional elements (sew-
age, likely one of the cardines, stone and timber buildings), in completing the image
concerning the urban development of the Roman town at Napoca. By correlating all
similar excavations unfolding on the archaeological site within the territory of the cur-
rent city, we hope to provide an as much as possible objective view on what the ancient
society at Napoca meant.
SELECTIVE CATALOGUE70
Coins71
1.	Fragmentary silver plated denarius. Bz. Septimius Severus.
Obverse: [SEVERUS PIV]S AV[G].
Reverse: ADVE[NTVS AVGVSTI]; front legs of a horse moving to the right.
RIC IV.l, 122, no. 249, Roma, 202-210 AD.
Archaeological context: trench Cil, Cxt 7, -1.88 m. MNIT, no inv. no.
Bronze objects72
2.	Bronze fishhook (?)• PI- XXV/1. Complete. L = 3.2 cm, dmax. = 0.2 cm. Trench C II, Cxt
26, -2.45 m. Dating: 3rd century AD. Analogies: Porolissum, Gudea 1989, 679, PI. CCXXIV/19
(where is listed though as sewing needle); MNIT, inv. no. V. 61045.
65 Cociș et alii 1995.
66 Mitrofan 1964, 200, 206, Figs. 1, 3/2, 4-6; Matei, Ardevan 1987-1988, 1065-1068, Pis. I-IV;
Wittenberg et alii 1994; Bogdan-Cătăniciu 1999, 68; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 90-91.
67 Diaconescu et alii 2012.
68 Mitrofan 1964, 200; Mitrofan 1976; Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 91-92.
69 Diaconescu 2004, 118-119, Fig. 4.19.
70 The archaeological material yielded by the preventive excavation on Regele Ferdinand St. no. 29 is
plentiful, mainly the pottery. However, since any comprehensive presentation would be impossible within
the framework of an article, its complete processing shall be made in the site’s archaeological monograph.
71 The coin was determined by Dr. Cristian Găzdac, whom we express our warm thanks for his support.
72 The following abbreviations were used in the presentation of the analysed items: L = length; 1 = width;
h = height; rd = rim diameter; bd = base diameter; dmax. = maximum diameter; wt. = wall thickness.
246
Viorica Rusu-Bolindcț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
Bone objects
3.	Pin or sewing needle. PI. XXV/2; tip fragment; Lp = 3.8 cm; dmax = 0.3 cm; Trench
C III, Cxt 30, -2.10 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61041.
4.	Sewing needle. PI. XXV/3; approximately 2/3 of the artifact is preserved - missing
tip and part of the upper side; L = 6.2 cm; dmax = 0.4 cm. Trench C II, Cxt 26’, -2.60 m deep.
3rd century AD. Analogies: Cociș, Alicu 1993, 114, 120, PI. XIV/11; Diaconescu et alii 2012,
PI. XIX/15. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61042.
5.	Pin with head separated by a succession of grooves and fillets, type Gudea, Bajusz
V/2, Ciugudean 1.10, Bajusz, Isac V.2. PI. XXV/4; preserved almost complete, except for the
terminal extremity of the head. L = 12.2 cm; dmax. = 0.5 cm. Archaeological context: trench
C I, in the modern sewage pit. Dating: according to analogies - the 3rd century AD: Porolissum -
Bajusz, Isac 2001, PI. VI/50; Gherla - Cociș, Alicu 1993,117, catalogue no. 66, PI. VII/1; Dacia
Porolissensis - Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. VIII/1-13. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61041.
6.	Pin with globular head, type Gudea, Bajusz type II/6, Ciugudean 1.1. PI. XXV/5; pre-
served complete, except for the tip. L = 5 cm, dmax. = 2.5 mm. Trench C I, Cxt 7 (in the Roman
sewage filling), -1.77 m. Dating: 3rd century AD, both based on the archaeological context
as well as the analogies: Porolissum - Gudea 1989, 827, catalogue nos. 12-14, PI. CCLVI;
Cociș, Alicu 1993, 117, catalogue no. 45, PI. V/6; Buciumi - Pop 1972, PI. C/7-9; Apulum -
Ciugudean 1997, Pis. II-III; Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa - Alicu, Nemeș 1982, PI. 1/8; Micia
- Cociș, Alicu 1993, PI. IV/4, 7-8 etc. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61043.
Glass vessels
7.	Bowl with incised lines on the body, likely type Isings 12, Rutti AR 34/1 A, Weinberg-
Stern no. 175. PI. XXVI/1. Wall fragment; 2.1 x 2 cm, wt. = 1-2 mm. Greenish glass, transparent.
The vessel exhibits two rows of fine parallel incisions on the outside, in the area below the rim
and in that making the transition to the vessel base. Trench C I, Cxt 7 (in the Roman sewage
filling),- 2.26 m. 3rd century AD based on the archaeological context yet the analogies, both
from the Agora of Athens as well as those at Augst and Kaiseraugst belong to earlier contexts,
framed from the lsl century to early 2nd century AD. MNIT, without inv. no.
8.	Cup wall fragment. PI. XXVI/2; 2 x 1.5 cm, vvt. = 0.5 mm; white glass, semitransparent.
A decoration in the shape of wine leaf, with very well outlined lobes and tip down was applied
onto the vessel wall. Trench C I, Cxt 7, -2.26 m. Analogies: Porolissum - Gudea 1989, 747,
catalog nos. 2-3, PI. CCLXIII. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61064.
9.	Flask base, type Isings 50 or 51. PI. XXVI/3; vessel base preserved; bd = 11 cm;
wt. = 2-3 mm. Greenish, transparent glass. Trench C III, Cxt 30, -2.10 m. 2nd-3rd centuries
(both Isings forms are known as early as the 1S1 century; the earlier appear in Augustan con-
texts). MNIT, inv. no. V. 61048.
10.	Bowl, type Hayes 1975, no. 183, Rutti AR 98.2. PI. XXVI/4; rim fragment;
rd = 11 cm; wt. = 0.07-0.14 mm. Rounded rim, slightly thickened to the exterior and marked
by a fine groove, bevelled inward; curved walls. White, transparent glass. Trench C I, Cxt 7
(in the Roman sewage filling), -2.26 m. Dating: 3rd century AD based on the archaeological
context, while according to the analogies - AD 150-250 (Hayes 1975) or mid 2nd century
until the second half of the 3rd century (Rutti 1991, 94, catalogue no. 1812, Taf. 82). MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61047.
11.	Bowl, type Hayes 1975, no. 182). PI. XXVI/5. Rim and body fragment; rd= 10 cm,
wt. = 0.13- 0.34 mm. Greenish, transparent glass. Rounded rim, vertical, thickened and fac-
etted on the outside; curved walls. Trench C III, Cxt 30, -2.10 m. 3rd century AD. MNIT,
inv. no. V. 61046.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
247
Pottery
Terra sigillata
Import terra sigillata
a.	Terra sigillata with relief decoration
12.	Bowl Drag. 37. PI. XXVII/1. Rim and body fragment; rd = 32 cm; hard red-brown fabric
(Munsell 10R, 6/8), with limestone, silver and red-brown iron-rich grains inclusions; dark red
slip, smooth and lustrous (Munsell 10R, 4/8). Decoration: 1. Ovolos (Rogers 1974, B70), under
which lies 2. an astragal border (Rogers 1974, A10). Below the mentioned delimiting ornamen-
tal motifs, decoration was set on panels, delimited by 3. beaded borders (Rogers 1974, A2) with
each of the ends with 4. astragals (Rogers 1974, R20; PGC, Fig. 27/3, PI. 97/4) and 5. medal-
lions or semi-medallions in festoon shape (Rogers 1974, F15). Inside such a semi-medallion,
the single preserved of the decorated part of the vessel, was depicted a 6. lion running to the
left (PGC, PL 99/16). On the lion head is noticeable a trace of careless smoothing, which flat-
tened part of the mane. Lezoux, style of LAXTVCISSA. Dating: according to the artisan and
workshop - AD 145/150-170 (PGC, 224-229; Rogers 1999, 155-156), end of the 2nd century
based on the archaeological context. Trench C IV, Cxt 30,-2.30 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61032.
b.	Plain terra sigillata
13.	Fragmentary cup Drag. 33. PL XXVII/2; preserving only the ringbase and small part
of the vessel wall; bd = 5 cm; L cartridge stamp = 2.7 cm; letters h = 3 mm. Fine, light red-
dish fabric (Munsell 10R, 6/8), with very fine calcite, iron oxides and mica inclusions; red slip,
smooth and lustrous (Munsell 10R, 5/8).
The vessel is stamped on the inside, namely on the base. The stamp cartridge is rectan-
gular, framed by two concentric circles, with well defined letters in relief. The name of the
artisan appears in Genitive as MACERATI - artisan working in the workshops at Lezoux,
Central Gaul. The vessel also exhibits graffiti on the outside - it is a sign in the shape of X letter
(h = 1.3 cm), with approximately equal arms. The right arm is slightly curved in the upper part,
and the left arm is much more elongated upward than the other. The latter is cut by another
line, poorly incised, shorter and parallel to the right arm of the first sign (L = 1.2 cm). At its
turn, the second incised sign is cut by a very short line (L = 0.8 cm), which seems to form with
the preceding a sign still similar to letter X, however with a much shorter spân of the two sides.
MACERATVS, Lezoux, Central Gaul. Activity period: Hadrian- the Antonines (Oswald 1983,
175). Dating based on the archaeological context: first half of the 3"1 century AD. Trench C I,
Cxt 16, -2.20 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61 031.
14.	Fragmentary cup Drag. 33. PL XXVII/3; rim and body fragment; rd = 10 cm. Fine,
light reddish fabric (Munsell 10R, 6/8), with fine calcite, iron oxides and mica inclusions; red
slip, smooth and lustrous (Munsell 10R, 5/8). Workshops at Lezoux, Central Gaul, according
to the fabric and slip. Dating: the Antonines (Webster 1996, 45, Fig. 30, 70). Trench C III, Cxt
13, -1.80 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61036.
Local terra sigillata
15.	Bowl fragment Drag. 37. PL XXVII/4; body fragment - the rim-wise part; d = 8 cm.
Fine, yellowish fabric (Munsell 10YR, 8/3), with fine calcite and mica inclusions; traces of
248
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
yellow-brownish slip (Munsell 10YR, 6/6) on both sides. On the preserved fragment appears
a vegetal decoration, consisting of: 1. Row of large rosettes (d = 2 cm) (Rusu-Bolindeț 2007,
Bl.139), placed horizontally, at equal distances in-between, below which appear 2. a row of
small rosettes (d = 1.1 cm) (Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, Bl.120), of which one is located in the space
between two large rosettes, while the other cuts the large rosette from the left. The decorated
part of the vessel was delimited by the base by a grooving, on top of which appear the small
rosettes. Trench C II, Cxt 26, -2.60 m. Dating: the 3rd century AD. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61039.
Common pottery
16.	Plate, variant of type Rusu-Bolindeț CC 1 B2. PI. XXVIII/1; preserved in 40% pro-
portion; rd = 18 cm; bd = 14 cm; h = 4 cm. Fine, light red fabric (Munsell 2,5YR, 7/6), shiny
brown-reddish slip (Munsell 2,5YR, 5/8), evenly distributed inside, carelessly distributed on
the outside and base. Dating: end of the 2nd century according to the archaeological context.
Analogies: form frequently found in both Dacia as well as the other provinces of the Roman
empire - see Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 403, with afferent bibliography; 418, catalogue no. 540,
PI. XCI. Trench C III, Cxt 14, -1.20 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61 033.
17.	Plate, variant of type Rusu-Bolindeț CC 1 B6. PI. XXVIII/2; rim fragment; rd = 29 cm;
fine, red fabric (Munsell 10R, 6/8), with fine iron oxides and mica inclusions; red slip (Munsell
10R, 4/8). Dating: starting with the second half of the 2nd century AD. Analogies: form frequently
found in Pannonia and rarely in Dacia - see Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 404, with afferent bibliogra-
phy; 418, catalogue no. 546, PI. XCI. Trench C III, Cxt 30, -1.40 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61051.
18.	Bowl, copy of type Drag. 30?; PI. XXVIII/3; rim and body fragment; rd = 12.5 cm;
hp= 4 cm. Fine, orange-yellowish fabric (Munsell 5YR, 6/8), with average calcite and mica
inclusions; red slip (Munsell 2,5YR, 6/8), with poor adherence to the vessel wall. Analogies:
the form may likely be a distant variant of smaller size of bowl type Drag. 30 - for standard
form analogies see Rusu-Bolindeț 2007,198, with afferent bibliography; 220, catalogue no. 158,
PI. XXXVI. Trench C I, Cxt 29, -1.75 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61052.
19.	Bowl type Drag. 37, distant variant. PI. XXVIII/4; rim fragment; rd = 20 cm. Fine,
orange-yellowish fabric (Munsell 5YR, 7/6), with fine calcite and mica inclusions, sporadic iron
oxides; dark orange slip (Munsell 5YR, 7/8). Dating: Marcus Aurelius-Septimius Severus accord-
ing to the analogies. It is one of the most frequent bowl forms, found both in the repertories of
either sigillata with relief decoration or plain, as well as the common pottery in Dacia and the
western provinces of the Roman empire - see Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 203-204, with afferent bibliog-
raphy; 223, catalogue no. 179, PI. XXXIX. Trench C II, Cxt 27, -1.50 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61 050.
20.	Fragmentary jug. PI. XXVIII/5; preserving the mouth, neck and handle, the body art
in the upper third; rd = 4.5 cm; hp = 11 cm. Fine, red fabric (Munsell 10R, 6/8), with fine cal-
cite and iron oxides inclusions, dark red slip (Munsell 1 OR,5/8) on the outside. The vessel has
a narrow mouth, reverted rim, triangular in section, high neck and ovoid body. It has a slightly
grooved handle, attached just below the rim and above the maximum diameter. Trench C I, Cxt 7,
-1.70 m. Dating: 3,d century AD. Analogies: Histria, form Suceveanu XLV, 146, catalogue no. 11,
PI. 68, dated by the end of the 2nd century and in the 3rd century AD. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61030.
21.	Jar type Rusu-Bolindeț CC 10B. PI. XXVIII/5; rim and body fragment; rd = 14 cm.
Coarse, dark grey fabric (Munsell 10G, 4/1), with average quartz and calcite inclusions, fine
mica inclusions; dark grey slip (10G, 2.5/1) on the outside, incomplete firing. Dating: the
second half of the 2"d century - first half of the 3rd century AD based on analogies. Jar form
produced starting with mid 2"d century until the first half of the 3rd century AD in Dacia and the
western provinces of the Roman empire - see Rusu-Bolindet 2007, 411, with afferent bibliog-
raphy; 420, catalogue no. 570, PI. XCV. Trench C I, Cxt 29, -1.70 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61053.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
249
Lamps
22.	Fragmentary lamp of type Loeschcke X. PI. XXIX/1; preserving part of the basin
and the recipient base; bd = 5 cm. Fine, orange-yellowish fabric (Munsell 5YR, 7/6), with fine
iron oxides, mica and calcite inclusions; orange brown slip (Munsell 5YR, 5/6), distributed
unevenly on the basin surface and base of the lamp on the outside. It bears the producer’s stamp
[FORT]IS on the base, with letters in relief, capitals, of h = 7 mm, framed by three concentric
circles. Dating: the 3rd century AD according to the archaeological context. For the numerous
analogies of the lamps with the producer’s stamp FORTIS in Dacia see the discussion within
the text. Trench C II, Cxt 26, -2.60 m; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61038.
23.	Lamp of the type Loeschcke X. PI. XXIX/2; preserved in 90% proportion, except the
nozzle and a handle; Lp = 8 cm; db = 5 cm; h = 3 cm. Fine, orange-yellowish fabric (Munsell
5YR, 7/6), with fine and average calcite inclusions, fine mica inclusions; dark orange -brownish
slip (Munsell 5YR, 5/6), slightly shining, yet unevenly distributed on the lid and part of basin.
The shoulder has two decorative knobs. The handle must have been lamellar. There is no pro-
ducer sign on the base. Dating: the 3"1 century AD based on the archaeological context. Trench
C I, Cxt 7 (in the filling of the Roman sewage), -1.77 m. MNIT, inv. no. V. 61034.
24.	Fragment of type Loeschcke X lamp discus. Not illustrated; 3.3 x 1.5 cm. Fine, light red
fabric (Munsell 2,5 YR, 6/8), with fine inclusions of iron oxides and mica; red slip (Munsell 2,5
YR, 6/8), slightly shining on the outside. Trench C II, Cxt 2, -1.65 m; MNIT, inv. no. V.61 037.
25.	Fragment of type Loeschcke X lamp basin. Not illustrated; 4x2 cm. Fine, yellowish fab-
ric (Munsell 7,5YR, 8/6), with fine calcite and mica inclusions; dark orange-brownish slip (Munsell
7,5YR, 6/8) distributed unevenly on the basin exterior. Two concentric circles on the base, likely
delimiting the producer’s stamp. Trench C IV, Cxt 39, -2.70 m; MNIT, inv. no. V. 61049.
Stamped building materials
26.	Fragmentary tile. PI. XXIX/3; 11.5 x 14.5 x 2.8 cm. Coarse, red fabric (Munsell
10R, 4/8), with large quartz, calcite, straws and mica inclusions; complete firing. The tile was
stamped. The stamp cartridge is rectangular, yet the punch was not sufficiently pressed except
for the upper part, where the cartridge edge is visible and might have caught one of its edges
(from the right or left). The cartridge was preserved on a length of 9.8 cm and an h = 3 cm.
From the letters in relief inside, with the two by the cartridge extremity are noticeable only the
upper part because of the poor imprinting - a C or an S, followed by a D or E (?) The single
visible letters are only M+A in ligature, missing the rest of the name. Under such circumstances,
it is hard to restore the stamp inscription - likely the name of a private manufacturer of Napoca,
unknown until present (?). Trench C III, Cxt 8, -1.30 m: MNIT, inv. no. V. 61040.
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Cociș et alii 1995	S. Cociș, V. Voișian, A. Paki, M. Rotea, Raport preliminar privind cercetările arheologice din str. V. Deleu în Cluj-Napoca. I. Campaniile 1992-1994, ActaMN, 32/1,1995, 635-632.
Cociș et alii 1998	S. Cociș, V. Voișian, A. Paki, Cluj-Napoca, str. Deleu, CCA. Campania 1997, București 1998, 17.
Crișan 1996	V. Crișan, Săpăturile arheologice de salvare din Cluj-Napoca, str. Prahovei nr. 12, ActaMN, 33/1,1996, 385-401.
Crummy 1979 Diaconescu 2004	N. Crummy, A chronology of bone pins, Britannia, X, 1979, 157-164. Al. Diaconescu, The towns of Roman Dacia: an overview of the recent archaeological research. In: W. S. Hanson, I. P. Haynes (eds.), Roman Dacia. The making of a provincial society, JRA, Supplementary series number fifty-six, Potsmouth-Rhode Island 2004, 87-142, especially 117-120.
Diaconescu et alii 2012	Al. Diaconescu (with contributions from D. Bogdan, Cr. Găzdac, V. Rusu-Bolindeț, L. Vass, S. Ardeleanu, M. Ardeleanu), Excavations at Central Store, Cluj-Napoca, ActaMN, 49/1, 2012, 125-176.
Fodorean 2006 Gudea 1989	FI. Fodorean, Drumurile din Dacia romană, Cluj-Napoca 2006. N Gudea, Porolissum. Un complex daco-roman la marginea de nord a Imperiului roman. I, ActaMP XIII, Zalău 1989.
Gudea, Bajusz 1991	N. Gudea, I Bajusz, Ace din păr de os de la Porolissum. Câteva obser- vații în legătură cu acele de păr din os din provinciile dacice, ActaMP, XIV-XV, 1990-1991, 81-126.
Gudea, Cosma 1992	N. Gudea, C. Cosma, Contribuții la paleografia latină romană din Dacia. II. Inscripții incizate sau zgâriate pe vase de la Porolissum și problema inscripțiilor pe vase din provinciile dacice, ActaMP, XVI, 1992,201-247. ’
Hayes 1975	J. W. Hayes, Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in the Royal Ontario Museum. A Catalogue, Toronto 1975.
Isac 1985	D. Isac, Terra sigillata în Dacia romană, PhD unpublished manu- script, Cluj-Napoca 1985.
Isings 1957 Matei, Ardevan 1987-1988 Mitrofan 1964	C. Isings, Roman Glass from dated finds, Groningen-Djakarta 1957. Șt. Matei, R. Ardevan, Sondajul de salvare de la Cluj - “Piața Muzeului”, ActaMN, XXIV-XXV, 1987-1988,1065-1074.	’ I. Mitrofan, Contribuții la cunoașterea orașului Napoca, ActaMN, I, 1964,197-214.	’
Mitrofan 1976	I. Mitrofan, Vestigii din Napoca romană, ActaMN, XIII, 1976, 197-204.
Obmann 1997	J. Obmann, Die romische Funde aus Bein von Nida-Heddernheim. Schriften des Frankfurter Museums fur Vor- und Friihgeschichte Archăologische Museum XIII, Bonn 1997.
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Oswald 1983	F. Oswald, Index des estampilles sur sigillee, Revue archeologique Sites, Hors-serie n°. 21, Avignon 1983.
PGC	J. A. Stanfield, G. Simpson, Les potiers de la Gaule centrale, nou- velle edition franșaise, Revue Archeologique Sites, Hors-serie n“. 37, Gonfaron 1990.
Pescaru et alii 2001	A. Pescaru, V. Rădeanu, R. Pavel, C. Riscuța, D. Țuțuianu, A. Bălos, M. Egri, Forme de habitat în punctul Hăbad. In: P. Damian (ed.), Alburnus Maior I, București, 123-148.
Piso 2012 Popilian 1976 Popilian, Ciucă 1988	I. Piso, Studia Porolissensia (III), ActaMP, XXXIV, 2012 (in prinț). Gh. Popilian, Ceramica romană din Oltenia, Craiova 1976. Gh. Popilian, I. Ciucă, Nouvelles informations sur l’importation de terra sigillata en Dacie meridionale, Dacia N. S., XXXII, 1988, 1-2, 61-79.
Popilian, Ciucă 1993	Gh. Popilian, I. Ciucă, Ceramica de tip terra sigillata de import descoperită la Enoșești-Acidava (jud. Olt), AO, 8, 1993, 29-42.
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Popovici, Varga 2010	P. Popovici, R. Varga, Ad Vatabos. Monografie arheologică a localității Războieni-Cetate, Cluj-Napoca 2010.
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Rogers 1974	G. B. Rogers, Poteries sigillees de la Gaule centrale. I. Les motifs non figures, XXVIII1' supplement â « Gallia », Paris 1974.
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Rusu-Bolindet 2006	V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Terra sigillata locală cu decor în relief de la Napoca. In: D. Bondoc (ed.), In honorem Gheorghe Popilian, Craiova 2006, 322-336.
Rusu-Bolindet 2007	V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Ceramica romană de la Napoca. Contribuții la studiul ceramicii din Dacia romană, Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis XXV, Cluj-Napoca 2007.
Rusu-Bolindet 2007a	V. Rusu-Bolindeț, New data on the imported terra sigillata from Napoca, ActaMN, 41-42/1, 2004-2005 (2007), 195-250.
Rusu-Bolindet 2011	V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Pottery workshops in Roman Dacia. In: J. Behmann, M. Hegewish, M. Mayer, M. Schmauder (Hrsgg.), Drehscheibentopferei im Barbaricum. Technologietransfer und Professionalisierung eines Handwerks am Rande des Rbmischen Imperium, Akten der Internationalen Tagung in Bonn vom 11.-14. Juni 2009, Vor- und Friichschichtlichen Archăologie der Rheinischen Friederich-Wilhelms-Universităt Bonn, Bonn 2011, 91-115, Literaturverzeichnis - 493-548.
252
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Rusu-Pescaru, Alicu 2000 Riitti 1991	A.	Rusu-Pescaru, D. Alicu, Templele romane din Dacia (I), Acta Musei Devensis, Deva 2000. B.	Riitti, Die rbmischen Glăser aus Augst und Kaiseraugst, Forschungen in Augst 13/1-2, Augst 1991.
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindet
viorusul ©yahoo.com
Mariana-Cristina Popescu
marianacristinapopescu@yahoo.com
National History Museum of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
253
PI. I. General plan of the excavation: 1. Third Roman phase (3ld century AD); 2. First
and second Roman phases (2ndcentury AD).
254
Viorica Rusu-Bolindet, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. II. 1.1'ransverse section through trenches C I and C II; 2. Transverse section
through trenches C III and C IV.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
255
PI. III. Trench C I, the western profile; 2. Trench C II, the eastern profile.
256
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. IV. 1. Trench C III, the western profile; 2. Trench C IV, the eastern profile.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
257
PI. V. 1-2. Trench C III, the northern and Southern profiles.
258
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. VI. Trench C IV, the Southern profile.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
259
PI. VIL General view of the excavation from south-west.
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. VIII. Trenches C I and C II - general view from south-east.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area o.
PI. IX. Trench C I: 1. Roman drainage with the roof debris of a Roman building in filling (view from south); 2. The Roman
drainage (general view from south).
262	Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popesc
PI. X. 1. Trench C I: Roman drainage and column base - details from inside the channel (view from north-east); 2. Trench C I
and trial trench Cs 1 - detail of the mortar floor of an early Roman building (view from north).
PI. XI. Trench C I: 1. Roman drainage - inside detail; 2. Sondage detail from inside Roman channel (views from south).
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca	263
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PL XII. Trench C I: 1-2. Roman drainage - details from inside the channel (views
from north-east); 3. Detail of the secondary channel branch (view from north).
PI. XIII. Trench C I: 1. Trial trench Cs 1, outside of the Roman drainage branch: the mortar floor of an early Roman building;
2.	Detail with the Roman floor.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca	265
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PL XIV. Trench C I: 1. Western profile and detail of the mortar floor; 2. Detail with
the northern extremity of the western profile.
PI. XV. 1. Trench C II: general view (from south-west); 2.Trench C II, trial trench Cs 3: details with the western perimeter
wall and the mortar floor of an early Roman building.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca	267
268
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. XVI. Trench C II: 1-2. Details of a Roman monument base, located in situ (views
from south-west and west).
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
269
PI. XVII. 1-2. Trench C II, eastern profile - details of north-western extremity of the trench.
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. XVIII. Trench C III: 1. Detail with the roof remains of a building from the 3rd
Roman phase; 2. General view (from north-west).
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
271
PL XIX. 1-2. Trench C III: general views (from north-west and south-west).
272
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. XX. Trench C III, trial trench Cs 4: 1. Detail of mortar floor (view from east);
2. Detail of burning on the mortar floor of a Roman building (view from east).
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
273
PI. XXL Trench C III: 1. Northern profile; 2. Eastern profile.
274
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. XXII. 1. Trenches C III and C IV - general view (from east); 2. Trench C IV -
general view (from south-west).
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
275
PI. XXIII. 1-2. Trench C IV, details of the perimeter wall and mortar floor of an early
Roman building (views from south and east).
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. XXIV. 1. Trench C IV and trial trench Cs 5 - detail of the Roman wall foundation;
2. Trench C IV, detail of the northern profile.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
277
PI. XXV. 1. Bronze fish hook; Bone artefacts: 2-3. Sewing needles; 4-5. Hair pins.
278
Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. XXVI. Glass vessels: 1. Bowl s body fragment; 2. Glass vessel fragment, with
vegetal decoration; 3. Bottle s bottom fragment; 4-5. Fragmentary bowls.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
279
PI. XXVII. Terra sigillata imported from Lezoux (Central Gaul): 1. Bowl Drag. 37, with
relief decoration, produced by potter LAXTVXCISSA; 3. Plain Samian ware, cup Drag.
33 with potter s name MACERATI; Fragmentary cup Drag. 33; 4 . Fragmentary bowl
with relief decoration of local terra sigillata.
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Viorica Rusu-Bolindeț, Mariana-Cristina Popescu
PI. XXVIII. Common ware: 1-2. Plates; 3-4. Bowls; 5. Fragmentary jug; 6. Jar.
Roman remains discovered in the north-eastem area of Napoca
281
PI. XXIX. 1. Monolychnis lamp Loeschcke X, with the potters mark [FORT]IS;
2. Monolychnis lamp, type Loeschcke X; 3. Stamped tile fragment.

Acta Musei Napocensis, 49/1, 2012, p. 283-298
A NEW MONUMENT FROM NAPOCA
DEDICATED TO MERCURIUS
ADRIANA ISAC, CRISTIAN-AUREL ROMAN
Abstract: In 2008, a rescue excavation was performed at 10 Episcop loan Bob St., on a
site located in the western part of the Roman town at Napoca, close to the forum. The unjusti-
fied intervention of the developer as well as the works carried out in the building basement
restricted much the research area. Part of a building with porch and courtyard paved with
limestone slabs were identified. The most spectacular artifact is a column shaft with low-relief,
depicting god Mercury with his specific attributes. The presence of this divinity on an archi-
tectonical element made us hypothesise in relation to the building function: either a temple
dedicated to respective god or a trader’s house. The low-relief is the work of a local stonecutter
and is specific to the second half of the 2"d - early 3rd centuries AD.
Keywords: Napoca:, porch; building; low-relief; Mercury.
Rezumat: In anul 2008 a fost efectuată cercetarea arheologică preventivă în str. Episcop
loan Bob nr. 10, într-un punct situat în zona vestică a orașului roman Napoca, în apropierea
forului. Intervenția intempestivă a constructorului, precum și efectuarea lucrărilor la subsolul
clădirii, au restrâns foarte mult aria cercetării. A fost descoperită o parte dintr-un edificiu cu
portic și curte pavată cu dale de calcar. Cel mai spectaculos artefact îl constituie un fus de
coloană cu basorelief, înfățișându-1 pe zeul Mercur, cu atributele specifice. Prezenta acestei
divinități pe un element arhitectonic ne-a determinat să emitem două ipoteze în legătură cu
destinația edificiului: acesta reprezintă fie un templu dedicat respectivului zeu, fie locuința unui
negustor. Basorelieful este opera unui lapicid local și este caracteristic celei de-a doua jumătăți
a secolului al Il-lea - începutului secolului al III-lea p. Chr.
Cuvinte cheie: Napoca; portic; edificiu; basorelief; Mercur.
In February 2008, in occasion of the attic works performed for the “loan Bob”
School and the construction of a gymnasium there, the archaeologists of the National
History Museum of Transylvania were authorized to supervise the development of
such works and inițiate the rescue archaeological research in the project surface.
The site is located in the western part of the Roman town at Napoca, on 10
Episcop loan Bob St., at approximately 300 m from Unirii Square, which overlaps
the forum of the Roman town (PI. I*). Nearby, namely on 12 Prahovei St. (currently
Samuil Micu) rescue archaeological investigations were carried out in 1995, when the
first fortification of the Roman town was identified, consisting of a defensive ditch
with rampart. According to the site supervisor, Viorica Crișan, this fortification ele-
ment functioned until mid or second half of the 2nd century AD1, which corresponds
to the second earth-and-timber phase of the settlement at Napoca2. The ditch removed
1 Crișan 1996, 386, Fig. 2.
2 A chronology synthesis of the town at Napoca see in Rusu-Bolindeț 2007, 98-99.
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Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
a house dated to the first earth-and-timber phase3 (AD 106-108/110), of the same
provisional character as the buildings on V. Deleu St.4.
At the time when the research works were initiated, the gymnasium footing,
located at a couple of meters from the site on Prahovei St., had already been put in place
(PI. II)5, which irreversibly prejudiced any possible correlation of the archaeological
results from the two investigated sites. In addition, most part of the building base-
ment was excavated and prepared for the foundation frame execution, by casting the
reinforced concrete slab. The single room where any archaeological intervention was
possible (ca. 30 m2) was designed for the IT lab, where, in a first stage, the developer
removed the concrete floor, excavated ditches along the foundations (at a maximum
depth of -2.75 m from Street level, 0.50-0.60 m wide, ca. 0.70 m deep) and removed the
entire surface level up to the base of the footing reinforcement ditches (PI. I).
In this area, although it was clear that the Roman level was deranged by
medieval and modern buildings, we removed up to a depth of -2.75 m from Street
level the surface level of the land portion, free of any of the developer’s works. The cen-
tral part (1.20 x 1.20 m) remained unexcavated, the supporting pillar being located
there. In order to examine the vertical stratigraphy, we carried out a test trench
(1.00 x 1.00 x 2.00 m), towards the west side of the room, up to a depth of -4.65 m
from Street level and at 1 m distance from the northern wall of the room. Exceeding
this level would have significantly put at risk the geological structure of the area and
endanger reinforcement works. The entire trench was manually excavated and the col-
lected archaeological material (modern, medieval and Roman pottery) was primarily
recorded and transported to the National History Museum of Transylvania.
The archaeological research revealed part of a Roman building, namely its
groundwork, as well as of other architectonical elements (PI. III-IV): two fragments
of column shafts found in situ:, a column base; a pedestal and pavement made of lime-
stone slabs. One of the column fragments exhibits a low-relief depicting god Mercury
(PI. XII), which allowed us to hypothesise on the building function: either a tem-
ple erected for respective god or the house of a Roman trader, whose protector was
Mercury. Unfortunately, further elements that would permit a more accurate chrono-
logical framing of the building are missing.
General stratigraphy of the site
The most recent level identified is a poor quality wall fragment, crumbly, cut by
the modern building foundations and the current works of the developer, with the ele-
vation composed of two, three rows of cut limestone (0.10-0.35 m), bound with mortar.
The wall, oriented north-south, 1.77 m long, 0.45 m wide and between 0.20-0.30 m
thick, overlaps a demolition layer of the enclosure, identified on a portion of ca. 2.5 m2
in the compaction area of the limestone floor. The mentioned layer was composed of
dark-brown earth and many tile, shingle and brick fragments.
3 Crișan 1996, 395.
4 Cociș et alii 1995, 639-64-0.
5 Drawings were made by the authors of this article and photos were taken by Cristian-Aurel Roman
(PI. II-XI) and Sergiu Odenie (PI. XII).
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius
285
The demolition level partially covered a limestone block (3.00 x 0.45 x 0.30 m)
oriented NW-SE, which was the platform of a column, of which survived the base
(0.56 x 0.56 x 0.26 m) and two drums from the upper part of the shaft (0.90 m long
and diameter between 0.36-0.46 cm). The drum in the upper part is decorated with a
low-relief. Current data indicate they represent the remains of a possible porch (PI. V).
The block delimited a paving formed of limestone slabs, of which only seven were
identified, among which two, sized 1.10 x 0.90 x 0.10 m, completely preserved. The
paving (PI. VI-VIII) seems to be the inside of a courtyard delimited by the previously
mentioned porch and lies on a levelling layer, namely a substructure formed of gravei
and sand in a 0.50 m-thick layer.
The whole structure, comprising the porch and pavement, titled to a level dif-
ference of over 0.50 m, due to the compaction of the soil on a N-S direction, from
ca. 3 m east the western room wall. Such compaction is likely to have occurred in the
pre-modern period.
In the western part of the room, at ca. 1.20 m east the porch, a series of level-
ling/filling layers were noticed, formed of both successive layers of brown earth with
mortar and brick fragments and earth mixed with gravei and sand, with a maximum
thickness of 0.70 m. The levelling layer covers culture layers, composed of various
brown hue earths, potshards, mortar and small pebbles.
Architectonical elements are overlapped by a compact debris layer consisting
of Roman tiles, bricks and shingles. The entire building had fallen onto its western
side, with a level difference of ca. 0.50 m, likely caused by more recent construction
works, which could not be yet identified archaeologically for two reasons: firstly, in the
next room the concrete had already been cast; secondly, the alignment of the column
platforms is too close to the room wall (0.65 m), which did not allow any further exca-
vation in the area.
The sizes and orientation of the building cannot be specified as it is largely
destroyed by medieval and contemporary construction works. The Roman period is
practically represented by two inhabitancy levels: that identified below the building’s
levelling layer and the second, which marks the existence period of the building.
The decorated column shaft
The single particular item discovered following these archaeological investiga-
tions is a limestone column fragment, decorated with a character sculpted in relief.
The shaft is 0.31 m in diameter and 0.84 m high. The low-relief, 0.64 m high and
0.23 m wide, depicts Mercury, in a slightly deepened niche on the column surface. The
god is rendered standing, with its specific attributes: caduceus in the left hand, sup-
ported on the left shoulder; pouch in the right hand; winged calcei-, winged petasos
on the head. His tunic is fastened with a round brooch on the right shoulder and the
folds fall over the left forearm. Over the tunic, he wears sagum. The god is beardless
and his face is framed by curls. The slightly sketched features and details as well as the
traces of a jagged chisel, specific to the finishing degree of the monument, point to the
work of a local artisan working in the stonecutters workshop in Roman Napoca. The
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Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
distinctive elements (caduceus, winged petasus, the pouch in the right hand) consist
in the combination of Hellenistic and Roman origin attributes, specific to the classical
Roman depictions of this divinity6.
The novelty in the god’s image is the low-relief as individual element on the column
of a Napoca building, placed so to be seen from the front. Associated with Liber and
Hercules, Mercury appears on a pilaster Corning still from Napoca (yet without the
accurate mention of the find spot), which was assigned a funerary function7.
The artistic design of the low-relief column exhibits features specific also to other
stone items from Napoca, the monument framing chronologically in the second half
of the 2"d - early 3rd century AD.
In conclusion, we may argue that near the forum, on its western side, there existed
a building whose function is uncertain. The low-relief rendering the image of god
Mercury is the single element that may be associated with either a temple dedicated to
respective divinity or a trader’s house, who placed his business under the god’s protec-
tion. Given that the site was overlapped by medieval and modern buildings and the area
under archaeological investigation much reduced, neither any building limits could be
traced nor any correlation with the archaeological circumstances nearby, namely the
former Street Prahova could be made.
	Bibliography
Bărbulescu 2003	M. Bărbulescu, Interferențe spirituale în Dacia romană, 2"d edition, Cluj-Napoca 2003.
Cociș et alii 1995	S. Cociș, V. Voișian, A. Paki, M. Rotea, Raport preliminar privind cercetările arheologice din str. R Deleu din Cluj-Napoca. I. Campaniile 1992-1994, ActaMN, 32/1,1995, 635-632.
Crișan 1996	V. Crișan, Săpăturile arheologice de salvare din Cluj-Napoca, str. Prahoveinr. 12, ActaMN, 33/1, 1996, 385-401.
DA Rusu-Bolindet 2007	Mercurius. In: DA, III, Paris 1900, 1818-1823. V. Rusu-Bolindeț, Ceramica romană de la Napoca. Contribuții la studiul ceramicii din Dacia romană, Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis XXV, Cluj-Napoca 2007.
Siebert 1992	G. Siebert, s.v. Hermes. In: LIMC, voi. VI, 1, 285-387. Cristian Aurel Roman romcritan@yahoo.com Adriana Isac aisacu@yahoo.com National History Museum of Transylvania
6 DA, s.v. Mercurius, 1818-1823 (A. Legnard); Siebert 1992, 370-371.
7 Bărbulescu 2003, 116; the pilaster is exhibited in the National History Museum of Transylvania
lapidary, inv. no. V. 30697.
PI. I. Basement layout - part of the room where archaeological research was possible.
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius	287
288
Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
PI. II. 1-2. “loan Bob” School, inner courtyard.
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius
289
PI. III. Column base and demolition layer of the building: 1. Southward view;
2. Westward view.
290
Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
PL IV. Wall fragment and column base: 1. Southward view; 2. Northward view.
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius
291
PI. V. Porch: 1. Northward view; 2. Perforated limestone block with attachment
orifice; 3. Column shaft.
292
Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
PI. VI. Limestone slab pavement: eastward view.
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius
293
1
PI. VII. Limestone plates paving: 1. Northward view; 2. Southward view.
294
Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
PI. VIII. 1. Limestone plates paving - general westward view; 2. Porch and demolition
layer with tile and shingle fragments - northward view.
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius
295
PI. IX. 1. Demolition layer with tile and shingle fragments - northward view;
2. Limestone plates paving and substructure: north-eastward view.
296
Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
1
2
PI. X. Limestone slab pavement: 1. Southward view; 2. North-eastward view.
A new monument from Napoca dedicated to Mercurius
297
PI. XL Trench: 1. Eastward view; 2. Southward view.
298
Adriana Isac, Cristian-Aurel Roman
MW»

PI. XII. Column fragment with low-relief depicting god Mercurius.
ABBREV1ATIONS
The following list contains abbreviations that are not included in the list available
at http://www.annee-philologique.com/files/sigles_fr.pdf.
AAH AB ACMIT	Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest. Analele Banatului, Timișoara. Anuarul Comisiunii Monumentelor Istorice, Secțiunea pentru Transilvania, Cluj.
AE AErt. AHB AI IA AISC ActaMN ActaMP Apulum	L’Annee Epigraphique, Paris. Archeologiai Ertesito, Budapest. The Ancient History Bulletin, Calgary. Anuarul Institutului de Istorie și Arheologie A. D. Xenopol, Iași. Anuarul Institutului de Studii Clasice, Cluj-Napoca. Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca. Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău. Apulum. Anuarul Muzeului Național al Unirii din Alba lulia, Alba lulia.
ANRW	H. Temporini, W. Haase (Hrsgg.), Aufstieg und Niedergang der rbmischen Welt, Berlin-New York.
Anthrop. Kbzl. Arch. Anz. ArhMold AO Banatica BAR BGL BCMI BHAUT	Anthropologiai Kdzlemenyek, Budapest. Archăologischer Anzeiger, Berlin. Arheologia Moldovei, Iași. Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova. Banatica, Reșița. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. Bibliothek der griechischen Literatur, Stuttgart. Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice, București. Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis Timisiensis, Timișoara.
BZ CA CAG CAH CCA CCDJ CFHB Chiron	Byzantinische Zeitschrift, Berlin. Cercetări Arheologice, Muzeul Național de Istorie, București. Carte archeologique de la Gaule, Paris. Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungaricae, Budapest. Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România, București. Cultură și civilizație la Dunărea de Jos, Călărași. Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Series Berolinensis. Chiron. Mitteilungen der Kommission fur Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archăologischen Instituts, Miinchen.
CIG CIL CSIRI CSIR-DEII CSIR - GB Dacia (N.S.)	Corpus Inscripționam Graecarum, Berlin. Corpus Inscripționam Latinarum, Berlin. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani - Osterreich, Vienna. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani - Deutchland, Berlin. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani - Great Britain, Oxford. Dacia - Recherches et decouvertes archeologiques en Roumanie; Nouvelle Serie (N. S.): Dacia - Revue d’archeologie et d’histoire anci- enne, București.
300
Abbreviations - Abkurzungen - Abreviations
DAF	Documents d’Archeologie Franțaise, Paris.
DissPann.	Dissertation.es Pannonicae, Budapest.
Dizionario Epigrafico	E. di Ruggiero (ed.), Dizionario epigrafico di antichită romane, Roma, I (1895) - III (1922).
Dolgozatok/Travaux	Dolgozatok az Erdelyi Nemzeti Muzeum Erem es Regisegtârâbol, Kolozsvâr (Cluj) / Travaux de la section numismatique et archeolo- gique du Musee National de Transylvanie â Kolozsvâr (Cluj).
EKG	Enmanns Kaisergeschichte.
EN	Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca.
Epigraphische Studieri	Epigraphische Studien, Bonn.
FolArch	Folia Archaeologica. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest.
GCS	I. A. Heikel (Hrsg.) Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte, Berlin 1897 sqq.
Glasnik	Glasnik Srpskog Arheoloskog Drustva, Belgrad.
HSCPh	Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Cambridge.
HTRTE	A Hunyadmegyei Tortenelmi es regeszeti Târsulat Evkbnyve, Deva, I (1880)-XXII (1913).
IAM	M. Euzenat, J. Marion, Inscriptions antiques du Maroc. 2. Inscriptions latines (publie par J. Gascou), Paris 1982.
IDR	Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae, București-Paris.
IDREI	C. C. Petolescu, Inscriptions externes concernant l’histoire de la Dacie, I, București 1996.
IDRE II	C. C. Petolescu, Inscriptions externes concernant l’histoire de la Dacie, II, București 2000.
IGB I2	G. Mihailov, Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae. I. Inscriptiones orae Ponti Euxini. Editio altera emendata, Serdicae 1970.
IGB II	G. Mihailov, Inscriptiones Graecae in Bulgaria repertae. II. Inscriptiones inter Danubium et Haemum repertae, Serdicae 1968.
IGLNovae	J. Kolendo, V. Bozilova, Inscriptions grecques et latines de Novae (Mesie Inferieure), Bordeaux-Paris 1997.
IGLR	Em. Popescu, Inscripțiile grecești și latine din secolele IV-XIII desco- perite în România: culese, traduse în românește, însoțite de indici și comentate, București 1976.
ILD	C. Petolescu, Inscripții latine din Dacia, București 2005.
ILBulg	B. Gerov, Inscriptiones Latinae in Bulgaria repertae, I, Sofia 1989.
ILS (= Dessau)	H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, Berlin, I (1882) - IV (1916).
IMS II	M. Mirkovic, Inscriptions de la Mesie Superieure. II. Viminacium et Margum, Belgrade 1986.
ISM	Inscripțiile din Scythia Minor grecești și latine, București.
JRGZM	Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums zu Mainz, Mainz.
LIMC	Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Basel.
Lupa	www.ubi-erat-lupa.org.
Marisia	Marisia. Studii și materiale. Arheologie, istorie, etnografie, Muzeul Județean Mureș, Târgu Mureș.
Marmatia	Marmatia, Baia Mare.
MCA	Materiale și cercetări arheologice, București.
Mei. Bidez	Melanges Joseph Bidez, Bruxelles 1934 (= Annuaire de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire Orientales et Slaves 2, Bruxelles 1933-1934).
Memoria Antiquitatis	Acta Musei Petrodavensis, Piatra Neamț.
Abbreviations - Abkiirzungen - Abreviations
301
MGH. AA	Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi, Hannover- Berlin 1826 sqq.
Montana II	V. Velkov, G. Alexandrov (eds.), EnmpatpcKu naMemHuyu om Monmaua u paiioiia, Cocina 1994.
OPEL	B. Lorincz, F. Redo et alii, Onomasticon Provinciarum Europae Latinarum, I-IV, Budapest 1994-2002.
PamâtkyArch PAS PBF PG	Pamâtky Archeologicke, Praga. Prăhistorische Archăologie in Siidosteuropa, Berlin. Prăhistorische Bronzefunde, Berlin. J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Graeca, Paris 1857-1866.
PIR2	E. Groag, A. Stein et alii, Prosopographia Imperii Romani2, Berlin 1933 sqq.
PL	J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina, Paris 1841-1855.
PLRE	Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge University Press 1971 (voi. I), 1980 (voi. II), 1992 (voi. III).
Pontica	Pontica. Studii și materiale de istorie, arheologie și muzeografie, Constanța.
PZ PWRE	Prăhistorische Zeitschrift, Berlin. A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, W. Kroll, K. Ziegler (eds.), Pauly-Wissowa Realencyclopădie der classischen altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart 1893 sqq.
RE	Real-Encyclopădie der classischen Altertums-wissenschaft, Stuttgart 1894 sqq.
RGZM	B. Pferdehirt, Romische Militărdiplome und Entlassungsurkunden in der Sammlung des Rbmisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums, I-II, Mainz-Bonn 2004.
RepCluj	I. H. Crișan, M. Bărbulescu, E. Chirilă, V. Vasiliev, I. Winkler, Repertoriul arheologic al județului Cluj, Cluj-Napoca 1992.
RIB RIU RMD RevBistriței RMI RevMuz Sargetia SC SCIV (A)	The Roman Inscriptions of Britain, Oxford. Die romischen Inschriften Ungarns, I-VI, Budapest-Bonn 1972-2001. M. M. Roxan, P. Holder, Roman Military Diplomas, London. Revista Bistriței, Bistrița. Revista Monumentelor Istorice, București. Revista Muzeelor, București. Sargetia. Buletinul Muzeului Județean Hunedoara, Deva. R. Gryson (ed.), Sources chretiennes, Paris 1941 sqq. Studii și cercetări de istorie veche (și arheologie - since 1975), București.
SCN SJ SMMIM StComSatuMare SympThrac	Studii și cercetări numismatice, București. Saalburg-Jahrbuch. Mainz: von Zabern. Studii și materiale de muzeografie și istorie militară, București. Studii și comunicări, Satu Mare. Symposia Thracologica. Lucrările Simpozionului Anual de Tracologie, Institutul Român de Tracologie, București.
TAPA Thraco-Dacica TIR TitAq	Transactions of the American Philological Association, Baltimore. Thraco-Dacica. Institutul de Tracologie, București. Tabula Imperii Romani. P. Kovâcs, Tituli Aquincenses, I - II, Budapest 2009.